Physics

• Scalar


  Quantity that has magnitude
• Scalars


  • Temperature in a room
  • Amount of time spent reading
  • Mass of a laptop
• Vector


  Quantity that has magnitude and direction
• Vectors are represented by an arrow where the length corresponds to the magnitude, the tail represents the origin, and the arrowhead indicates the direction
• Vector addition

  Connect the second vector's tail to the first vector's arrowhead, then draw a resultant vector from the tail of the first vector to the head of the second vector
• If two vectors are added in the same direction, the vector sum will be a longer vector
• Calculating magnitude of vector sum when vectors are perpendicular

  Use Pythagorean theorem and trigonometric functions
• The sum of all paths taken is called distance, while the difference between the final position and the initial position is called displacement</b>
• Displacement is a vector quantity, while distance is a scalar quantity
• Vector subtraction

  Invert the direction of the second vector
• Unit vector


  Dimensionless vector used to describe a direction in space, has a magnitude of 1
• Unit vectors are denoted using a caret or hat (^)
• Vector components

  The x-component and y-component of a vector
• Calculating vector components

  Draw vertical and horizontal lines from the vector to the axes to get the x and y components
• Calculating vector sum

  Use the components of the added vectors
• The grocery store is 7.07 meters away from Kai's school and is 45° North of West
• Speed limits are set to ensure drivers' safety
• Using speed and laser guns, the authorities can track vehicles and their speed to ensure that no violations of speed limit regulation happen
• Laser guns


  Instruments that use laser beams to calculate the round-trip time for light to penetrate and bounce back into a vehicle, to measure the distance traveled as well as the speed of the vehicles
• Kinematics


  The study of motion
• In this reviewer, we are going to discuss kinematics, specifically the motion of objects in one and two dimensions, and how to solve problems using kinematic equations
• Kinematic equations

  • Include variables such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time
  • Acceleration will always have a constant value
  • Displacement and velocity could have an initial or final value
• To solve problems that involve kinematic equations


  1. Read and understand the problem, the given quantities, and what quantity is being asked

  2. Choose the appropriate equation

  3. Plug in the values and solve the problem
• The most familiar example of motion with constant acceleration is a body falling under the influence of the earth's gravitational attraction, known as free fall
• Acceleration due to gravity

  The value of an object's acceleration moving under the influence of gravity, denoted by the symbol g and equal to 9.8 m/s^2 downward (on Earth)
• Projectile motion


  The type of motion that involves an object that is thrown or launched in the air, following a path determined by the effects of gravitational acceleration and air resistance
• Projectile


  Any object that has an initial velocity and follows a path determined by the effects of gravitational acceleration and air resistance
• Trajectory


  The path followed by a projectile
• The key to solving projectile motion problems is to take note that the horizontal and vertical motion of the object is independent of one another, so we can use separate equations to determine the motion in each direction
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• Law of Inertia

  An object at rest tends to remain at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted upon by an external net force