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• Group


  Two or more persons engaged in a social interaction, where each member is aware of the other members and their influence
• Group dynamics


  The social process by which people interact in a small group and in a face-to-face manner
• Group dynamics


  • Refers to the study of the forces operating within a group
• Forces found in small groups

  • Research of Elton Mayo and associates in the 1920s and 1930s
  • Experiments conducted in the 1930s by Kurt Lewin, considered as the founder of the group dynamics movement
• Concepts of social group

  Psychologically, man is a rational being<|>Politically, he is a political and power-seeking being<|>Theologically, he is a religious, God-seeking being<|>Sociologically, man is a gregarious social being seeking the company of other social beings
• Special properties of groups

  • In a group, there is no such thing as merely a composition of two people. It is their relationship that makes it three.
• Types of groups


  • Primary group
  • Secondary group
• Kinds of formal groups

  • Command groups
  • Task groups
  • Functional groups
• Kinds of informal groups

  • Interest groups
  • Friendship groups
  • Reference groups
• Informal groups are formed naturally in response to the common interests and shared values of individuals. They are created for purposes other than the accomplishment of organizational goals and do not have a specified time frame.
• A meeting of five people seems to be preferred for typical situations. A smaller group sometimes has difficulty functioning because conflicts of power develop. If membership rises above seven, communication tends to become centralized because members do not have adequate opportunity to communicate with one another.
• A person cannot live alone; he/she needs the company of others. By nature a social being who needs to form a group, a person has his/her own community.
• Forming a group is important to every human being because he/she needs a companion for the rest of his/her life. However, regulation must impose and followed for the smooth existence of any group.
• Triangular model of a disease


  Agent, host, and environment
• Disease occurs when an external agent meets a susceptible host in an environment that allows the agent and host to interact
• Common infectious diseases


  • Dengue
  • Malaria
  • Cholera
  • Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)
  • H1N1
  • Typhoid Fever
• Dengue


  Febrile disease caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae
• Dengue


  • Each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection, and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur
  • Transmitted to humans by the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that are found in the tropics
• Incubation period of Dengue

  3 to 15 days
• Signs and Symptoms of Dengue

  • Sudden onset of high fever
  • Severe headache
  • Muscle and joint pains
  • Myalgia and arthralgia
  • Dengue rashes that are characteristically bright red petechiae
  • Gastritis
  • Abdominal pain
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
• Mild cases of dengue, where no rash is present, can be misdiagnosed as flu or other viral infection
• Patients can pass on the infection through mosquitoes or blood products while they are still febrile
• Prevention of Dengue


  • Use mosquito nets and insect repellent
  • Put screens on doors and windows
  • Refrain from going outdoors during the time of the day when mosquitoes are most active
  • Remove stagnant water
  • Cover water containers and change water in flower vases frequently
• Malaria


  Vector-borne infectious disease that is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including the Philippines
• Malaria is commonly associated with poverty but is also an effect of poverty and a major hindrance to economic development
• Malaria


  Caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium, transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes
• Serious forms of malaria

  • Plasmodium falciparum
  • Plasmodium vivax
• Signs and Symptoms of Malaria

  • Anemia
  • High fever
  • Chills
  • Nausea
  • Headache
  • Diarrhea
  • Coma
  • Death
• Prevention of Malaria


  • Use mosquito nets and insect repellent
  • Spray insecticides
  • Drain standing water where mosquitoes lay their eggs
• No vaccine is currently available for malaria, preventive drugs must be taken continuously to reduce the risk of infection
• Cholera


  Acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae
• Incubation period of Cholera

  6 to 48 hours, but there are reported cases of people being infected during the period of diarrhea and up to 7 days after
• Signs and Symptoms of Cholera

  • Diarrhea
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Fever
  • Muscle clamps
• Prevention of Cholera


  • Wash hands with soap and water frequently and thoroughly
  • Drink safe water only
  • Eat food that is completely cooked
  • Avoid raw food, street food, and any food from suspicious sources
  • Observe proper hygiene and sanitation at all times
• Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)


  Infection caused by avian influenza A viruses found chiefly in birds, but infections can occur in humans
• Signs and Symptoms of Avian Influenza

  • Fever
  • Cough
  • Sore throat
  • Muscle aches
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Pneumonia
  • Diarrhea
  • Severe and life-threatening complications
• Prevention of Avian Influenza

  • Wash hands or use alcohol-based hand sanitizer
  • Stay away from farms and live animal markets
  • Cover mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing
  • Cook chicken thoroughly, do not eat raw eggs
  • Avoid cross-contamination, do not use the same utensils for both raw meat and other kinds of food
• H1N1


  Flu virus also known as the swine flu, a "quadruple reassortant" virus containing genes from flu viruses which circulate among pigs and birds
• H1N1 virus is passed from person to person just like other flu strains, but not by eating pork
• Studies have shown H1N1 to cause more severe symptoms in people younger than people over 60 years old have some immunity against it