blood

• control of blood glucose (negative feedback loop)

  insulin decreases blood glucose if too much sugar is digested. (it converts glucose to glycogen.) glucagon increases blood glucose if it detects lack of sugar in the blood. (It converts glycogen to glucose.) this is called a negative feedback loop.
• what is blood made from ?

  plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
• what is the function of plasma in your blood?

  Plasma makes up approximately 55% of your blood, and contains antibodies, known as immunoglobulins, which fight infection
• what is the function of platlets in your blood? hint=(clot)


  Their primary function is to prevent and stop bleeding. If a blood vessel is damaged, the body sends signals to platelets which cause them to travel to the injured area. Once the platelets arrive at the site, they clump together to form a clot that helps stop bleeding.
• how are red blood cells structured to pass through your blood easily?

  Red blood cells have a biconcave shape, which makes them flexible to pass through narrow arteries and veins while retaining the large surface area for maximum oxygen-carrying capacity.
• what shape is a red blood cell

  biconcave shape

  
• what is the function of red blood cells

  transport oxygen
• what is the function of white blood cells

  White blood cells defend the body against disease. 
• What is the function of red blood cells?

  Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and return carbon dioxide to the lungs.
• What is the role of white blood cells in the blood?

  White blood cells defend the body against infection by attacking pathogens and producing antibodies.
• What is the function of platelets in the blood?

  Platelets are involved in blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured.
• What does plasma carry in the blood?

  Plasma carries nutrients, waste products, hormones, and carbon dioxide, and helps maintain body temperature.
• What is haemoglobin and where is it found?

   Haemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and helps transport it through the bloodstream.
• name the blood vessel that is responsible for the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and tissues?


  capillaries
• what is the name of the process in which white blood cells engulf pathogens?

  Phagocytosis
• Which two blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood?

  pulmonary artery and vena cava
• Heart valves may become faulty what is the consequence of this?


  • Backflow of blood: If the valve doesn’t close properly, blood flows backward, which reduces heart efficiency.

  • Reduced blood flow: If the valve becomes narrowed, blood flow is restricted, making the heart work harder.

  • Heart damage: Over time, this can weaken the heart and lead to heart failure.

  
• how can you measure the flow of blood?

  Scanning techniques such as MRI can be used to measure blood flow in the body.
• what is cardiac output?


  The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. Heart Rate x Stroke Volume = Cardiac Output.
• describe the flow of blood through the heart


  Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the vena cava into the right atrium, then to the right ventricle. It is pumped to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium, flows to the left ventricle, and is pumped out through the aorta to the body.
• An athlete is exercising. If their maximum heart rate is 130 beats per minute, and stroke volume is 150 cm3, what is their cardiac output in dm3?


  Cardiac output in cm3 per minute = heart rate in beats per minute × stroke volume in cm3 per beat.

  Cardiac output in cm3 per minute = 130 × 150 = 19 500 cm3 per minute = 19.5 dm3 per minute.