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  • Monosaccharides
    Simple sugars in which there is one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom in the molecule
  • Monosaccharides
    • Used to produce and store energy for living organisms
  • General formula for monosaccharides
    (C*H_{2}*O) n Where 'n' is a number of carbon atoms
  • Triose sugars
    Have three carbon atoms and the general formula C_{3}*H_{6}*O_{3} such as glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone
  • Triose sugars
    • Important in mitochondria, where the respiration process breaks down glucose into triose sugars
  • Pentose sugars

    Have five carbon atoms and the general formula C_{5}*H_{10}*O_{5} Ribose and deoxyribose are important pentose sugars
  • Ribose and deoxyribose
    • Important in the nucleic acids ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which make up the genetic materials, respectively
  • Hexose sugars
    Monosaccharides with 6 carbon atoms and the general formula C6H12O6
  • Examples of hexose sugars
    • Glucose
    • Galactose
    • Mannose
    • Fructose
  • Hexose sugars
    • Often taste sweet
    • Have a ring structure with two isomers (a and B)
  • Energy creation in living things
    1. Break down monosaccharide glucose
    2. Harvest energy released from chemical bonds of glucose
  • Glucose in food

    Can be absorbed and used directly in cells
  • Cellulose
    A polysaccharide made up of several molecules of glucose joined by B1-4 glycosidic linkages<|>Insoluble in water<|>Main component of cell wall in plants<|>A fiber found in protective cell wall of plants
  • Starch
    Made up of millions of glucose molecules by photosynthesis process of green plants<|>Basic chemical formula is (CHO)<|>Composed of two portions: Amylose (linear, 20%) and Amylopectin (branched, 80%)<|>Amylose is more soluble in water<|>Amylopectin is less soluble in water but soluble in hot water<|>Abundantly found in plants, seeds, fruits and tubers
  • Glycogen
    Made up of millions of glucose molecules<|>Formed the main storage carbohydrate<|>Found in animal and fungi<|>In mammals, stored in the liver and muscle cells
  • Chitin
    A complex carbohydrate, formed of nitrogen containing glucose molecules chains<|>Found in the exoskeleton of the arthropods and fungal cell wall<|>Plays a structural role similar to cellulose in plants: it gives shape and strength to the structure of the organism
  • Lipids
    Another group of important biological molecules/present in all cellular organisms and some viruses. Unlike the other groups, they are highly heterogeneous in chemical nature.
  • Simple lipids
    • Fats
    • Oils
    • Waxes
  • Fats
    A solid form of lipids
  • Oils
    The liquid form of lipids
  • Lipid molecule
    • Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
    • Structurally, most lipids (triglycerides) consist of one glycerol joined with three fatty acids
  • Glycerol
    A three carbons simple alcohol. The glycerol backbone is found in those lipids known as glyceride.
  • Glyceride lipids
    • Possess antimicrobial and antiviral properties, used in wound, and burn treatments
  • Fatty acids
    Generally made up of 12 to 22 carbon atoms. They have many important functions in the body, including energy storage.
  • If glucose is not available for energy
    The body uses fatty acids to fuel the cells instead
  • Lipids that play an important role in a healthy diet

    • Animal lipids (often saturated fats, which cause problem in human health except in fish oil)
    • Plant lipids (often unsaturated fats, which promote human health. Found in seeds, nuts and vegetable oils)
  • Cofactor
    A non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that assists in an enzyme's activity as a catalyst
  • Types of cofactors
    • Inorganic cofactor
    • Organic cofactor (coenzyme)
  • Coenzyme NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide)

    Used in respiration, comes from nicotinic acid, a member of the vitamin B complex
  • Nucleotides
    Building blocks of nucleic acids, consisting of phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous bases.
  • DNA
    A double-stranded molecule containing the genetic instructions for the development and function of all living organisms.
  • RNA
    A single-stranded molecule involved in protein synthesis, mRNA transfer, and gene regulation
  • Nucleic acids
    Hereditary biomolecules which are essential to all known forms of life
  • Nucleic acids
    Hereditary biomolecules which are essential to all known forms of life
  • Viruses also have nucleic acid
  • Nucleic acids
    • Contain the same elements as proteins: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous
  • DNA
    Encodes the information the cell needs to make proteins
  • RNA
    Helps to translate the genetic code into protein synthesis
  • Nucleic acids
    Composed of several molecules of nucleotides
  • Nucleotide
    Contains a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group