Qualifying exam 116

• Interphase and M-Phase or Mitosis


  what are the two phases of cell growth
• G1 phase


  cell growth phase
• S phase


  phase in which DNA replication occurs
• G2 phase


  growth and preparation for cell division
• Mitosis


  phase of cell division
• a. Well regulated cell division/Mitosis

  b. Specific Morphology

  c. Specific Function

  d. Fibronectin

  E. Contact Inhibition

  Normal cells have:
• Apoptosis


  the programmed cell death is known as
• apoptosis or injury


  normal cells undergo cell division only when cells need to be replaced in cases of
• GI tract, skin, hair follicles, and bone marrow

  are cells that undergo cell division at a rapid rate
• Fibronectin


  This ensures that cells are cohesive, do not migrate, stick together
• Contact inhibition


  the cessation of cell division when all sides are healthy cells
• Carcinogenesis/Oncogenesis


  Process by which a normal cell is transformed into a cancerous cell
• Initiation


  a non-reversible event when a carcinogen invades and damages the DNA of the cell,causing a change in the DNA Structure called "Oncogene"
• Carcinogen


  an initiating agent is known as
• Promotion


  reversible event;prolonged repeated exposure by a promotor stimulates cellular proliferation
• Progression


  cancer tumor is CHANGING, GROWING, BECOMING More undifferentiated and has its own blood supply (Angiogenesis);able to nourish itself for growth
• Angiogenesis


  formation of new blood vessels or a blood supply for the tumor
• -Due to absent cell cohesion

  -Due to inadequate nutrient and O2 supply

  -Due to inadequate nutrient and O2 supply-moving towards sites with higher nutrient cells

  Metastasis may occur due to
• By Blood/Lymphatic System

  By Gravity

  By CSF fluid

  By direct invading

  Metastasis can be distributed through
• Seeding


  the process by which cancerous cells travel to distant site or distant organ systems through gravity
• shape, number, and function

  in other words, CA is abnormal in
• Carcinoma


  a type of cancer that starts in cells that make up the skin or the tissue lining (epithelium)organs, such as the liver or kidneys
• Sarcoma


  a rare type of malignant tumor that develops in bone and connective tissue, such as fat,muscle, blood vessels, nerves, and the tissue that surrounds bones and joints
• Myeloma


  - a type of blood cancer that develops from cells in the bone marrow called plasma cells
• Hyperplasia


  an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
• Hypertrophy


  increase in the volume of an organ or a tissue due to the enlargement of cells
• Dysplasia


  term used to describe the presence of abnormal cells within a tissue or organ
• Metaplasia


  replacement of a mature, differentiated cell type by another mature, differentiated cell type that does not typically occur in the tissue in which it is found
• Carcinoembryonic Antigen


  is a tumor marker that is usually found in newborn but eventually disappears or lowers during growth. The presence of this may indicate cancer in adults
• Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)


  tumor marker, mainly assessed in the blood of a pregnant woman
• Staging


  the extent of your cancer,such as how large the tumor is and if it has spread
• Immunocompetence


  the immune system is working properly and the body is capable of mounting an appropriate immune response, when necessary
• 5-10 %


  It is estimated that _____ of allcancer result from heredity orgenetic predisposition/susceptibility
• UV radiation and ionizing rays


  type of radiation that is identified as a risk factors for cancer
• Humann papillomavirus (HPV)


  Causative agent of cervical ca
• gastric cancer


  Helicobacter pylori bacteria

  can cause what ca
• colonic cancer


  amoeba can cause what kind of cancer?
• ○ Low fiber

  ○ High fat

  ○ High cholesterol

  ○ High CHO intake

  ○ Increase refined CHO (sugar)

  A type of diet that can increase the risk of developing cancer
• Nitroso compounds, nitrites,nitrates


  food coloring component that increases the risk of developing cancer
• Benzypyrene


  cancer risk factor found in smoke, bbq, cooking oil