Demography

    Cards (49)

    • Birth Rate - definition
      Number of babies born per 1000 per year Of the population
    • Fertility Rate - definition
      Average number of children women will have during fertile years
    • Reasons for the decline in birth rate
      Change in women’s position
      Children as economic liabilities
      Child-centredness
      Decline in Infant Mortality Rate
    • What is the dependency ratio ?
      Relationship between the size of the working part of the population and the non working
    • What happens If there is a fall in the number of children ?
      Reduces the burden of dependency
    • What happens if less babies are being born ?
      Fewer young adults working means dependency ratio increases
    • What will happen to public services ?
      Will reduce because of fewer babies being born
      Example : nurseries / schools …
      Would mean more funding for the government to spend on other things
    • Death Rate - definition
      Number of deaths per 1000 per year of a population
    • Reasons for the decline in death rate
      Medical Knowledge
      Smoking and Diet - Harper
      Improved Nutrition - Mckeown
      Better nutrition - higher resistance to bacteria
    • Who lives longer , men or women ?
      Women
    • An ageing population was caused by what 3 factors ?
      Increasing Life Expectancy
      Declining Infant Mortality
      Declining Fertility
    • What are the effects of an ageing population ?
      Public Services = old people consume a large proportion of services
      One pensioner households = feminisation of later life
      Dependency Ratio = Increases
    • What is ageism ?
      Discrimination based on age.
    • What does Phillipson ( Marxist ) argue ?
      The old are excluded from work because they are no longer productive
    • In modern society our identity and status is determined by what ?
      our role into contributing for capitalism
    • There are fixed stages in modern society
    • What is the difference in modern and post modern society in old age ?
      consumption becomes the key to our identities in post modern society
    • What does Hunt ( post - modern sociologist ) argue ?
      Identities are created regardless of age
      The old become a market for goods and services which they create their identities
      Example : gyms , cosmetic surgery …
    • What are two features of post modern society ?
      Centrality of the media = portraying positive aspects of the elderly
      Emphasis on surface features = body becomes a surface we can write on
    • Who argues on inequalities amongst the old ?
      Pilcher - theorises class and gender still remain important
      Example : MC may have better pensions than WC
    • How would society adapt to the elderly ?
      Changing policies as Hirsch argues
    • What does Hirsch theorise ?
      Policies will need to change to tackle new problems
      Example : housing policy may need to change to place the elderly in smaller accommodations
    • What is the general consensus in post modern society ?
      The idea that old age is a social construct - retirement age may change .
    • What is migration ?
      Movement of people out of an area
    • What is immigration ?
      movement of people into an area
    • What is net migration ?
      difference in numbers between migration and immigration
    • What are some examples of push factor ?
      Economic recession , unemployment
    • What are some examples of pull factors ?
      Employment , living standards
    • What was the impact of migration in the Uk population structure ?

      Net migrations falls after Brexit
      Births exceed deaths
    • How does immigration lower the average age of the population ?
      Directly = immigrants are often young
      Indirectly = most are young so more fertile meaning more babies
    • What are 3 effects the dependency ratio has ?
      Lowers dependency ratio = as immigrants are of working age
      Increases dependency ratio = as immigrants who are young and fertile have more children
      No effect = as the longer a group is settled in an area , the closer their fertility rate comes to the national average
    • What is Globalisation ?
      Barriers between societies that are disappearing whilst people are becoming increasingly interconnected
    • What has globalisation caused ?
      rapid social change
    • What is acceleration ?
      How migration has sped up
    • What is differentiation ?
      Types of migrants
      Example : temporary workers , spouses , refugees
    • What does Vertovec argue ?
      Since the 1990’s there has been ” Super Diversity
    • What did Cohen find ?
      3 types of migrants :
      Citizens = full citizenship rights
      Denizens = privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state
      Helots = most exploited group , poorly paid , unskilled …
    • What is the feminisation of migration ?
      Women tend to fit into the stertypes of women’s roles - carers or sex workers
    • What did Hochschild find ?
      care , domestic and sexual work in western countries was done by women from poor countries
    • What is migrant identities ?
      Having multiple sources of identity
      Family , friends , ethnicity
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