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Sociology - Families and Households
Demography
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Cards (49)
Birth Rate - definition
Number of
babies
born per
1000
per
year
Of the population
Fertility Rate - definition
Average number of
children women
will have during
fertile
years
Reasons for the decline in birth rate
Change in
women’s position
Children as
economic liabilities
Child-centredness
Decline in Infant
Mortality
Rate
What is the dependency ratio ?
Relationship between the
size
of the
working
part of the population and the
non working
What happens If there is a fall in the number of children ?
Reduces
the
burden
of
dependency
What happens if less babies are being born ?
Fewer young adults working means dependency ratio increases
What will happen to public services ?
Will reduce because of
fewer babies
being born
Example : nurseries / schools …
Would mean more
funding
for the
government
to spend on other things
Death Rate - definition
Number of
deaths
per
1000
per
year
of a
population
Reasons for the decline in death rate
Medical
Knowledge
Smoking and Diet -
Harper
Improved Nutrition -
Mckeown
Better nutrition -
higher
resistance to
bacteria
Who lives longer , men or women ?
Women
An ageing population was caused by what 3 factors ?
Increasing Life Expectancy
Declining Infant Mortality
Declining Fertility
What are the effects of an ageing population ?
Public Services
= old people consume a large proportion of services
One pensioner
households = feminisation of later life
Dependency Ratio
= Increases
What is ageism ?
Discrimination
based on
age.
What does Phillipson ( Marxist ) argue ?
The old are
excluded
from
work
because they are no longer
productive
In modern society our identity and status is determined by what ?
our
role
into
contributing
for
capitalism
There are
fixed
stages in modern society
What is the difference in modern and post modern society in old age ?
consumption
becomes the key to our
identities
in
post modern
society
What does Hunt ( post - modern sociologist ) argue ?
Identities are created regardless of
age
The old become a
market
for
goods
and
services
which they create their
identities
Example :
gyms
,
cosmetic
surgery …
What are two features of post modern society ?
Centrality
of the
media
= portraying
positive aspects
of the
elderly
Emphasis
on
surface features
=
body
becomes a
surface
we can
write
on
Who argues on inequalities amongst the old ?
Pilcher
- theorises
class
and
gender
still remain important
Example : MC may have better
pensions
than WC
How would society adapt to the elderly ?
Changing policies as
Hirsch
argues
What does Hirsch theorise ?
Policies
will need to change to tackle
new problems
Example :
housing
policy may need to change to place the
elderly
in
smaller
accommodations
What is the general consensus in post modern society ?
The idea that old age is a
social
construct -
retirement
age may change .
What is migration ?
Movement of people
out
of an
area
What is immigration ?
movement
of people
into
an area
What is net migration ?
difference in numbers between
migration
and
immigration
What are some examples of push factor ?
Economic
recession ,
unemployment
…
What are some examples of pull factors ?
Employment
,
living standards
…
What was the impact of migration in the
Uk
population
structure
?
Net migrations
falls after Brexit
Births
exceed
deaths
How does immigration lower the average age of the population ?
Directly = immigrants are often
young
Indirectly = most are
young
so more
fertile
meaning more
babies
What are 3 effects the dependency ratio has ?
Lowers
dependency ratio = as immigrants are of working age
Increases
dependency ratio = as immigrants who are young and fertile have more children
No effect
= as the longer a group is settled in an area , the closer their fertility rate comes to the national average
What is Globalisation ?
Barriers between societies that are
disappearing
whilst people are becoming increasingly
interconnected
What has globalisation caused ?
rapid
social
change
What is acceleration ?
How
migration
has
sped
up
What is differentiation ?
Types of
migrants
Example :
temporary workers
, spouses ,
refugees
…
What does Vertovec argue ?
Since the
1990’s
there has been ”
Super Diversity
“
What did Cohen find ?
3 types of migrants :
Citizens
= full citizenship rights
Denizens
= privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state
Helots
= most exploited group , poorly paid , unskilled …
What is the feminisation of migration ?
Women tend to fit into the
stertypes
of women’s roles -
carers
or
sex
workers
What did Hochschild find ?
care
,
domestic
and
sexual work
in western countries was done by
women
from
poor
countries
What is migrant identities ?
Having
multiple
sources of identity
Family
,
friends
,
ethnicity
…
See all 49 cards
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