Rizal Quiz 2

• Feudalism: A land-holding system controlled by the Spanish conquerors, characterized by a "master-slave relationship."
• Pyramidal Structure

  1. Spanish Official - Head (Government Official)2. Peninsulares - Officials

  3. Friars - Businessmen
• 4. Insulares - Second priority (Full-blood Spanish born in the Philippines)

  5. Creoles - Combination of Spaniards and Filipinos

  6. Mestizos - Mixed Indigenous
• • Mestizo de Sangley - Chinese/Filipino

  • Mestizo de Español - Spanish/Filipino

  • Mestizo de Tornatras - Mix of Spanish/Filipino/Chinese
• Indio - Natives, the lowest social class
• Governance

  • Governed by Spain through the Ministry of the Colonies (Ministro de Ultramar) based in Madrid.
• Central Government

  • Executive Branch (Governor General)

  • Representative responsible for reporting, disciplinary power, giving executive orders, and being the Commander-in-Chief.
• Judicial Branch

  • Royal Audiencia - Highest court during the Spanish era, ensuring justice.
• • Resedencia - Special unit to check officials, reporting findings to the King of Spain and observed by the churches.
• Visita - Person from Spain sent to observe.
• Alcaldia - Alcalde Mayor (Head), representing the Governor General/King of Spain.
• • Ayuntamiento (City Government) - Center of trading industry
• • Cabildo (City Council) - Headed by two Alcaldes, Mayor and Vice-Mayor.
•  Corregimiento (Town Hall) - Not entirely controlled by the Spanish.
• • Pueblo - Town led by Governadorcillo or Little Governor, responsible for tax collection.
• • Guardya Sibil - Guards loyal to the Spanish.
• • Alferez - Head of Guardya Sibil.
• • Filibustero - Gomburza, first heard by Rizal during the execution of Gomburza.
• • Gobernadorcillo or Little Governor - Qualified if able to read and write Spanish, should be native or Chinese mestizo.
• • Cabeza de Barangay - Tenente de Barrio.

   
• Frailocracia/Frailocracy

  • Frailocracy: Rules of the friars influencing governance and societal norms.
• Sources of Weakness and Abuses in the Government

  1. Officials with inferior qualifications
  2. Lack of dedication to duty
  3. Lack of moral strength to resist corruption
• Indulto de Comercio - License to engage in trading.
• Educational System - Introduction of the European system of education, with the friars in a dominant position.
• College of San Juan de Letran: Official secondary school for boys.
• • Secondary education for girls in Manila - Santa Isabel College, Santa Rosa.
• UST: Oldest existing university in Manila.
• • Educational decree of 1863: Established one elementary school for boys and girls.
• • In 1855, Spain realized the need to establish a system of public education for the indios.
• • Land: Primary source of wealth.

  • Opening of foreign trading.

  • Exportation of sugar, rice, hemp, and tobacco.
• • Encomienda: Claiming ownership of all resources of the natives.
• • Hacienda: Land grant from the Spanish crown.
• Forced Labor: Polo y Servicio - 40 days of labor for individuals aged 16-60, including personal services like road and bridge construction.
• • Galeon Trade: Manila-Acapulco
• • Suez Canal (1869): Establishment of direct commercial connections with Spain.
• • Indulto de Comercio: Privilege granted by the Governor to engage in and monopolize trade.
• • Falla: Payment to be exempted from forced labor.
• • In 1884, forced labor was reduced to 15 days and applicable from the age of 18.
• • Taxation: Including tithe (10% of individual annual income given to the government), 
• Sancturom (tax paid to support the church)