microbio lec prelim

• Microbiology


  The study of living organisms of microscopic size
• Microorganisms

  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Algae
  • Protozoa
  • Viruses
• Microbiology term introduced by

  French chemist Louis Pasteur
• Pasteur demonstrated that fermentation was caused by the growth of bacteria and yeast
• Microorganisms cannot be seen by the naked eye, they are only seen under the microscope
• Microorganisms are present everywhere on earth, including human beings, animals, plants, soil, water, food and atmosphere
• Microorganisms may be beneficial or harmful to human beings
• Branches of Microbiology - Pure Science


  • Bacteriology
  • Mycology
  • Protozoology
  • Algology
  • Parasitology
  • Genetics
  • Immunology
• Branches of Microbiology - Applied Science


  • Medical microbiology
  • Pharmaceutical microbiology
  • Industrial microbiology
  • Food microbiology
  • Soil microbiology
  • Agriculture microbiology
  • Aquatic microbiology
  • Air microbiology
  • Epidemiology
• Medical Microbiology


  Deals with the study of causative agents of infectious diseases in human beings
• Pharmaceutical Microbiology


  Deals with the study of microorganisms responsible for the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vaccines, vitamins and other pharmaceutical substances
• Industrial Microbiology


  The study of industrially useful microorganisms in the production of alcoholic beverages, vitamins, amino acids, enzymes, antibiotics and other drugs
• Food Microbiology


  Deals with the interaction of microorganisms and food in the relation to food processing, food spoilage, food borne diseases, their prevention and includes preparation and preservation of food products
• Soil Microbiology


  The study of soil microbes and interaction amongst the soil microorganisms
• Agricultural Microbiology


  The study of relationships of microorganisms and crops with on emphasis on the control of the plant diseases and improvement of yield
• Aquatic Microbiology


  The study of microorganisms and their activity in the fresh and marine water including lakes, rivers, bays, estuaries and seas
• Air Microbiology


  Deals with the role of aerospora in contamination and spoilage of food, and the spreading of plant and animal diseases
• Epidemiology


  Concerned with the monitoring, control and spread of diseases in communities
• Classification of Microorganisms


  • Prokaryotes
  • Eukaryotes
• Prokaryotic Cells


  Genetic material is not enclosed by the nuclear membrane, absence of nuclear membrane

  
• Eukaryotic Cells


  Genetic material is enclosed by the nuclear membrane, presence of nuclear membrane
• Scope and Importance of Microbiology


  • Production of antibiotics
  • Production of enzymes, vaccines, biosurfactants, alcoholic and other pharmaceutical products
  • Diagnosis of disease and treatment
  • Treatment of Industrial waste and material
  • Plant growth promotion
  • Sterile product preparation
  • Sterilization
  • Steroid biotransformation
  • Identification of microorganisms
  • Testing of pharmaceuticals products and raw materials
• Louis Pasteur


  Frenchman trained as a chemist, discovered isomers of tartaric acid, discovered the process of fermentation and developed a method of "pasteurization" to reduce microbial contamination of wine and beer, developed anthrax and rabies vaccines
• Agostino Bassi discovered that silkworm disease was caused by a fungus (1835)
• Ignaz Semmelweis discovered that an invisible agent caused sepsis (1841)
• Richard Petri designed a special plate to hold a solid culture, known as the Petri plate
• Joseph Lister introduced the concept of sterile surgical field and the use of antiseptics, known as the father of antiseptic surgery
• Robert Koch


  German physician, studied the disease anthrax, developed a method to identify the etiologic agent, developed staining technique, developed a set of postulates
• Koch's Postulates


  • The microorganism must be present in the diseased host, and absent for the healthy
  • Microbe must be isolated and grown in a pure culture
  • Isolated microbe must cause disease when inoculated into healthy laboratory host
  • Must re-isolate the microbe from the diseased laboratory host
• Paul Ehrlich


  Known as the father of chemotherapy, introduced the drug Salvarsan for the treatment of syphilis in 1930
• Alexander Fleming


  Accidentally discovered a substance produced by Penicillium notatum, which he called penicillin, that could destroy several pathogenic bacteria

  
• In 1944, S.A. Waksman discovered another antibiotic streptomycin
• Prokaryote's DNA - naked, circular, no introns
• Eukaryote's DNA- bound to proteins, linear, have introns
• prokaryote's organelles - no nucleus, no membrane- bound, 70s ribosomes
• Eukaryote's organelle- has nucleus, membrane-bound, 80s ribosome
• Eukaryote size- Large (10-100 micrometer)
• Prokaryote's size- small (1-5 micrometer)