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• State


  An association of people characterized by formal institutions of government, including laws; permanent territorial boundaries; and sovereignty (political independence)
• Nation


  A group of people with a common language, history, culture, and (usually) geographic territory
• Nation


  • Emphasizes the organic ties that hold groups of people together and inspire a sense of loyalty and belonging
  • Characteristics: Ethnicity, Language, Religion, Culture
• Nation (according to Benedict Anderson)


  An "imagined community" that is limited because it does not go beyond a given "official boundary" and because rights and responsibilities and mainly the privileges and concerns of the citizens of that nation
• State

  • It exercises authority over a specific population called its citizens
  • It governs a specific territory
  • It has a structure of government that crafts various rules that people (society) follow
  • It has sovereignty (internal and external authority) over its territory
• Sovereignty


  Internally, groups like churches, civil society organizations, corporations, and other entities must follow the state's laws where they establish their parishes, offices, or headquarters<|>Externally, sovereignty means that a state's policies and procedures are independent of the interventions of other states
• Economic Sovereignty


  The power of the national governments to make decisions independently of those made by the governments
• 4 Concepts of Sovereignty

  • International Legal Sovereignty
  • Westphalian Sovereignty
  • Interdependence Sovereignty
  • Domestic Sovereignty
• Nation-State


  A political community that emanates from civic society to legitimately execute peace. Civic society is the basis of the people's oneness
• Interstate System


  The whole system of human interactions. The modern world system is structured politically as an interstate system – a system of competing and allying states
• A global interstate system allows smoother access to financial aid. Another example is when vaccines started to roll out, we were able to get access to vaccines from different countries who donated to us such as Japan, China, and many more
• Effects of Globalization on Nation-States


  • Impose a forced choice upon Nation-States
  • Establishment of economic and political integrations
  • Establishment of International laws and principles
  • Rise of Transnational Activism
  • Creation of a new communications network
• Intergovernmental Organization (IGO)


  Aim: To foster strong economic, political, cultural, educational, and technical intergovernmental relationships. All IGOs serve purposes based on the common interest of their member–states that are deemed beneficial to all parties involved
• Intergovernmental Organizations


  • ASEAN (1967) Association of Southeast Asian Nations with 10 members
  • EU (1993) European Union, 28 State members
  • WTO World Trade Organization with 164 members
  • ICC – International Criminal Court
  • NATO North Atlantic treaty Organization
  • OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
• Internationalism


  The theory and practice of interdependent collaboration. It is anchored on the opinion that nationalism should be outrun because links that bind people of different countries are more powerful than those that disconnect them
• Forms of Internationalism

  • Liberal Internationalism
  • Socialist internationalism
• Globalism


  It seeks to understand all the interconnections of the modern world. It is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world a more connected and interdependent place. Globalization also captures in its scope the economic and social changes that have come about as a result
• Economic Integration


  It can be described as a process and a means by which a group of countries strives to increase their level of welfare. It involves agreements between countries that usually include the elimination of trade barriers and aligning monetary and fiscal policies, leading to a more interconnected global economy
• 7 Stages of Economic Integration

  • Preferential trading area
  • Free trade area
  • Customs Union
  • Common Market (Customs Union + Labor services)
  • Economic Union
  • Economic and Monetary Union
  • Complete economic integration
• Preferential trading area


  It exists when countries (bilateral or multilateral) within a geographical region agree to reduce or eliminate tariff barriers on selected goods imported from other members of the area
• Free trade area


  Created when two or more countries in a region agree to reduce or eliminate barriers to trade on all goods coming from other members. The members can still trade with the non-members but with or without tariffs depending on their agreement
• Customs Union


  Involves the removal of tariff barriers between members, together with the acceptance of a common (unified) external tariff against non-members. Single payment or duty is made by countries exporting to customs unions. Goods inside the union can move freely with no additional tariffs. Members share tariff revenues while a small share is retained by the country that collects the duty
• Common Market (Customs Union + Labor services)


  The key feature is the extension of free trade from just tangible goods, to include all economic resources. This means that all barriers are eliminated to allow the free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor
• Economic Union


  A trading bloc that has both a common market between members, and a common trade policies towards non-members, although members are free to pursue independent macro-economic policies. The use of a common currency and a unified monetary policy is considered
• Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)


  A key stage towards complete integration, and involves a single economic market, a common trade policy, a single currency, and a common monetary policy
• Complete economic integration


  The final stage of economic integration in which member states completely forego independence of both monetary and fiscal policies. Involves a single economic market, a common trade policy, and a single currency. A common monetary policy, together with a single fiscal policy, including common tax and benefit rates, or complete harmonization of all policies, rates, and economic trade rules