MOTION & FORCE

• Motion


  The change in position of an object over time
• Types of motion

  • Linear motion
  • Free fall motion
  • Projectile motion
  • Uniform circular motion
• Linear motion


  • Movement of an object along a straight path
  • Speed and direction remain constant unless acted upon by an external force
• Free fall motion


  • Object falls under the influence of gravity without any other forces acting on it
  • Acceleration of free fall near the Earth's surface is approximately 9.81 m/s² downward
• Projectile motion


  • Motion of an object projected into the air under the influence of gravity
  • Involves both horizontal and vertical components of motion, resulting in a curved trajectory
• Uniform circular motion


  • Object moves in a circular path at a constant speed
  • Object experiences a centripetal force directed towards the center of the circle to maintain its circular motion
• Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation


  Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers
• Newton's Laws of Motion

  • Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia)
  • Newton's Second Law (Law of Acceleration)
  • Newton's Third Law (Action-Reaction Law)
• Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia)


  • An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue moving in a straight line at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force
• Newton's Second Law (Law of Acceleration)


  • The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass
• Newton's Third Law (Action-Reaction Law)


  • For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
• Normal force


  The force exerted by a surface on an object in contact with it, perpendicular to the surface
• Friction


  The force that opposes the relative motion or tendency of motion between two surfaces in contact
• Types of friction

  • Static friction
  • Kinetic friction
• Tension


  The pulling force transmitted through a string, rope, cable, or any other similar object when it is pulled tight by forces acting from opposite ends
• Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

  • Kepler's First Law (Law of Ellipses)
  • Kepler's Second Law (Law of Equal Areas)
  • Kepler's Third Law (Law of Harmonies)
• Kepler's First Law (Law of Ellipses)


  • The orbit of a planet around the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci
  • An ellipse is a geometric shape resembling a stretched circle, where the distance between the center and the edges varies
• Kepler's Second Law (Law of Equal Areas)


  • A line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time
  • A planet moves faster when it is closer to the Sun and slower when it is farther away, maintaining a consistent rate of change in the area it sweeps out
• Work


  When a force acts on an object to move it over a distance in the direction of the force
• Power


  The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred
• Energy


  The capacity to do work, classified into potential energy and kinetic energy
• Momentum


  A vector quantity that describes the motion of an object, calculated as the product of its mass and velocity
• Impulse


  The change in momentum of an object when a force is applied over a time interval