PHYSICS 1

• Phase change


  Transition of a substance from one state of matter to another, such as from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa
• Melting (Solid to Liquid)


  1. Solid substance absorbs heat energy and transitions into a liquid state

  2. Temperature at which melting occurs is the melting point
• Freezing (Liquid to Solid)


  1. Liquid substance releases heat energy and transitions into a solid state

  2. Temperature at which freezing occurs is the freezing point, typically the same as the melting point
• Vaporization (Liquid to Gas)


  1. Liquid substance absorbs heat energy and transforms into a gaseous state

  2. Can occur through evaporation (at the surface) or boiling (throughout the liquid)
• Condensation (Gas to Liquid)


  Gaseous substance releases heat energy and changes into a liquid state
• Sublimation (Solid to Gas)


  Solid directly transitions into a gaseous state without passing through the liquid phase
• Deposition (Gas to Solid)


  Gas changes directly into a solid without becoming a liquid first
• Latent heat


  The amount of heat energy absorbed or released during a phase transition
• Thermal processes


  • Transfer, storage, and conversion of heat energy in various systems
• Conduction


  1. Transfer of heat energy through a material without any overall movement of the material itself

  2. Heat flows from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature through direct contact between particles
• Convection


  1. Transfer of heat energy through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases)

  2. Heat is transferred by the circulation of the fluid, where warmer fluid rises, and cooler fluid descends in a cyclical motion
• Radiation


  1. Transfer of heat energy in the form of electromagnetic waves, such as infrared radiation

  2. Does not require a medium for heat transfer and can occur through a vacuum
• Heat exchange


  1. Transfer of heat energy between two systems at different temperatures

  2. Can involve conduction, convection, radiation, and mechanisms like heat exchangers
• Phase transitions


  Absorption or release of heat energy during the change of state of a substance
• Thermal expansion


  Increase in size or volume of a substance in response to an increase in temperature
• Electric field


  Region around a charged object where a force would be exerted on other charged objects
• Magnetic field


  Region around a magnet or a current-carrying conductor where a magnetic force is exerted on other magnets or moving charges
• Electromagnetic induction


  Process of generating an electromotive force (emf) or voltage in a conductor by exposing it to a changing magnetic field
• Maxwell's equations


  Fundamental equations that describe how electric and magnetic fields interact and propagate
• Electromagnetic waves


  Transverse waves that consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave propagation
• Electromagnetic waves


  • Radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays
• Circuit


  Closed loop or pathway through which electrical current can flow
• Components of a circuit

  • Power source
  • Conductors
  • Load
  • Switches
  • Resistors
  • Capacitors and inductors
• Series circuit


  Components are connected in a single path, so the same current flows through each component
• Parallel circuit


  Components are connected in multiple paths, providing separate branches for the current
• Combination circuit


  Contains a mix of series and parallel connections
• Coulomb's Law


  Describes the electrostatic force between two charged objects
• Ohm's Law


  States that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it and inversely proportional to the resistance of the conductor
• Resistor


  Passive electrical component that resists the flow of current in a circuit
• Capacitor


  Passive component that stores and releases electrical energy in the form of an electric field