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biology paper 1
topic 1 cell biology
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Aiza Sheik
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Cards (65)
Eukaryotes
Cells that have a
nucleus
and
membrane-bound
organelles
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Prokaryotes
Cells that lack a
nucleus
and
membrane-bound
organelles
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Components of animal and plant cells
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
containing
DNA
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Components of bacterial cells
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Single circular strand
of DNA and
plasmids
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Orders of
magnitude
Used to understand how much
bigger
or
smaller
one object is from another
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Prefixes to show multiples of units
Centi
(0.01)
Milli
(0.001)
Micro
(0.000,001)
Nano
(0.000,000,001)
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Structures in animal and plant cells
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
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Additional structures in plant cells
Chloroplasts
Permanent vacuole
Cell wall
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Structures in
bacterial cells
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Single circular strand
of
DNA
Plasmids
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Cell specialisation
The process where cells gain new
sub-cellular structures
to be suited to their role
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Specialised
animal cells
Sperm
cells
Nerve
cells
Muscle
cells
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Specialised
plant cells
Root
hair cells
Xylem cells
Phloem cells
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Cell differentiation
The process where stem cells switch
on/off
genes to produce different
proteins
and acquire new sub-cellular structures
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In animals, most cells
differentiate
early and lose ability to
differentiate
, but some like red blood cells are replaced by adult stem cells
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In plants, many cell types retain ability to
differentiate
throughout life
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Light microscope
Has
two
lenses (objective and eyepiece), illuminated from underneath, max magnification x2000, resolving power
200nm
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Electron microscope
Uses
electrons
instead of
light
, two types (scanning and transmission), max magnification x2,000,000, resolving power 10nm (SEM) and 0.2nm (TEM)
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Calculating magnification of light microscope
Magnification of
eyepiece lens x magnification of objective lens
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Calculating size of object
Size of image / magnification =
size
of
object
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Standard form
Used to represent very large or small numbers by multiplying a number between 1 and
10
by a power of
10
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Culture medium
Contains
carbohydrates
, minerals, proteins and
vitamins
to grow microorganisms
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Growing microorganisms in nutrient broth
Make suspension of bacteria, mix with sterile nutrient broth, stopper with
cotton wool
,
shake regularly
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Standard form
Multiplying a certain number by a power of
10
to make it bigger or smaller, with the 'number' being between 1 and
10
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Standard form examples
1.5 x 10^
-5
=
0.000015
3.4
x 10^3 =
3400
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Culturing microorganisms
Microorganisms
are very small, so scientists need to grow many of them in the lab using
nutrients
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Components of culture medium
Carbohydrates
for
energy
Minerals
Proteins
Vitamins
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Growing microorganisms in the lab
1. In
nutrient
broth solution
2. On an
agar
gel plate
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Steps in making an
agar gel plate
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Reasons for sterilisation
To prevent
contamination
with other
microorganisms
that could compete for nutrients and space, or be harmful
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Reason for sealing Petri dish lid
To stop airborne microorganisms from
contaminating
the culture, but not completely to allow
oxygen entry
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Reason for storing Petri dish upside down
To prevent
condensation
from the
lid
landing on the agar surface and disrupting growth
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Reason for incubating at
25
degrees
To prevent
growth
of bacteria that could be harmful to humans, as their optimum temperature is near
37
degrees
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Testing antibiotic effectiveness
1. Soak paper discs in
antibiotics
and place on agar plate with
bacteria
2. Leave plate for
2 days
3. Measure zone of
inhibition
around
discs
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Formula for calculating
cross-sectional
area
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Chromosomes
Contain coils of
DNA
, with each chromosome carrying many
genes
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Number of chromosomes
46
in body cells,
23
in sex cells
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Cell cycle and mitosis
1. Interphase: cell growth,
organelle increase
,
DNA replication
2.
Mitosis
:
chromosomes line
up and separate
3. Cytokinesis: cytoplasm and
cell membranes divide
to form
two daughter cells
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Importance of
mitosis
Growth and development, replacing
damaged
cells,
asexual reproduction
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Stem cells
Undifferentiated
cells that can divide to produce more similar cells, some of which will
differentiate
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Types of stem cells
Embryonic
Adult
(e.g. in bone marrow)
Meristems
in plants
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See all 65 cards
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