Bio

• Biomolecules


  Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates
• Monomers


  Smaller units from which larger molecules are made
• Polymers


  Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together in a chain
• Synthetic polymers


  • nylon, polyethylene, polyester, Teflon, epoxy
• Enzymes


  • They increase the rate of chemical reactions without themselves being consumed or permanently altered by the reaction
  • They increase reaction rates without altering the chemical equilibrium between reactants and products
• As temperature increases

  The rate of reaction increases
• The cell is the most basic unit of life
• All organisms are made up of cells
• All cells arise from other cells
• All cells have similar biomolecules and biochemical reactions
• All cells contain genetic material which is passed on from one cell to another
• All chemical and physiological processes in the body happen in the cell
• Prokaryotic cells


  No true nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, mostly unicellular
• Eukaryotic cells


  Have true nucleus, have membrane-bound organelles, unicellular or multicellular
• Nucleus


  Command center
• Cell membrane


  Cell communication and transport
• Genetic material


  Storage of genetic information
• Ribosomes


  Protein synthesis
• Golgi apparatus


  Transportation of proteins and other cellular components
• Endoplasmic reticulum


  Protein synthesis and lipid production
• Mitochondria


  ATP synthesis
• Chloroplast

  Photosynthesis
• Vacuole


  Storage of food and other cellular components
• Cell wall


  Structural support, protection, controls cell division
• Centrioles


  Production of spindle fibers during cell division
• Plasmid


  Extra, circular DNA
• Flagellum


  Movement
• Mitosis


  Equational division, produces somatic or body cells for growth and repair
• Meiosis


  Reductional division, produces sex cells or gametes for reproduction
• Sister chromatids are copies of the same chromosome, each chromatid is a complete chromosome by itself
• Microsporogenesis


  Development of male gametes in angiosperms
• Microgametogenesis


  Development of male gametes in angiosperms
• Megasporogenesis


  Development of female gametes in angiosperms
• Megagametogenesis


  Development of female gametes in angiosperms
• Spermatogenesis


  Development of male gametes in animals
• Oogenesis


  Development of female gametes in animals
• Metabolism


  General term for all chemical reactions of a cell, consists of anabolism (building-up) and catabolism (breaking-down)
• Photosynthesis


  Light-dependent reactions, Light-independent reactions/Calvin Cycle
• Respiration


  Glycolysis, Oxidation of pyruvate, Citric Acid/TCA/Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Fermentation

  Anaerobic respiration, replaces Krebs Cycle and electron-transport chain if Oxygen is absent