Ortho

• Orthodontics


  The dental specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of dental deformities
• Orthodontics


  The specialty of dentistry that deals with the growth of the facial cranial complex, the development of the dentition and dental occlusion, as well as the diagnosis, prevention, interception and treatment of occlusion anomalies
• Nomenclature of primary teeth

  • Central incisors
  • Lateral incisors
  • Canines
  • Molars (first and second)
• Nomenclature of permanent teeth

  • Central incisors
  • Lateral incisors
  • Canines
  • Premolars or bicuspids (first and second)
  • Molars (first, second, and third or wisdom tooth)
• Identification/numbering systems


  • FDI (International Dental Federation)
  • German or Haderup system
  • Palmer-Zsigmondy notation system
  • A.D.A. (American)
• FDI system


  Double number system: 1st number identifies the quadrant, 2nd number identifies the tooth
• FDI system for permanent teeth

  • 1.5
  • 2.6
  • 3.1
  • 4.3
  • 3.7
• FDI system for primary teeth

  • 5.4
  • 6.1
  • 7.3
  • 8.5
• German or Haderup system


  Uses a number for each permanent tooth and a + or - sign to indicate the position of each tooth
• German or Haderup system

  • 7+
  • -5
  • +2
  • 1+
• German or Haderup system for primary teeth

  • 02+
  • 05-
  • -04
• Zsigmondy-Palmer system


  Horizontal line separates upper and lower quadrants, vertical line represents midline and separates right and left quadrants
• Permanent teeth are designated from 1 to 8 (from midline)
• Primary teeth are designated from "a" to "e"
• American (A.D.A.) system


  • Permanent teeth
  • Primary teeth
• Dental replacement lasts 6-8 years and has two phases: mixed dentition first phase and mixed dentition second phase
• Malocclusion


  Any irregularities in occlusion beyond the accepted range of normal category, including overcrowded teeth, spacing between the teeth, improper "bite", and disproportion in the size and the alignment
• Classification of malocclusion


  • Intra-arch malocclusions
  • Inter-arch malocclusions
  • Skeletal malocclusions
• Intra-arch malocclusions


  • Abnormal inclinations (buccal, lingual, mesial, distal)
  • Displacement (buccal, lingual, mesial)
• Lingual Inclination


  Abnormal tilting of a crown
• Mesial Inclination


  Abnormal tilting of a crown
• Distal Inclination


  Abnormal tilting of a crown
• Buccal Displacement


  Bodily movement of the crown
• Lingual Displacement


  Bodily movement of the crown
• Mesial Displacement


  Bodily movement of the crown
• Distal Displacement


  Bodily movement of the crown
• Mesiolingual (distolabial) rotation


  Movement of a tooth around its long axis
• Distolingual (mesiolabial) rotation


  Movement of a tooth around its long axis
• Transposition


  Two teeth have exchanged places
• Infra/Supraversion


  A tooth is not at the level of occlusion
• Pre-normal occlusion


  Lower arch is placed more anteriorly when teeth meet in centric occlusion
• Post-normal occlusion


  Lower arch is placed posteriorly when teeth meet in centric occlusion
• Normal molar relationship


  Mesiobuccal cusp of maxillary first molar falls within groove between mesial and middle cusps of mandibular first molar
• Mesiobuccal cusp of maxillary first molar falls in front of groove between mesial and middle cusps of mandibular first molar

  Molar relationship
• Mesiobuccal cusp of maxillary first molar falls behind groove between mesial and middle cusps of mandibular first molar

  Molar relationship
• Deep bite/Increased overbite


  Excessive vertical overlapping of upper anterior over lower anterior in centric occlusion
• Anterior open bite


  No vertical overlap of upper anterior over lower anterior in centric occlusion
• Posterior open bite


  Lack of intercuspation between upper and lower posterior teeth in centric occlusion
• Crossbite


  One or more teeth abnormally malposed buccally, lingually or labially with reference to opposing tooth/teeth
• Scissors bite


  Total maxillary buccal (or mandibular lingual) crossbite with mandibular dentition completely contained in habitual occlusion