PHYSICS 2

• Light waves


  Electromagnetic waves that travel at the speed of light, which is about 3 x 10^8 meters per second
• Light waves


  • They are visible to the human eye and can travel through a vacuum
  • They consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to the direction of travel
  • They exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties (wave-particle duality)
  • The colors we see are a result of the different frequencies of light waves
  • They are crucial for optics, including reflection, refraction, and diffraction
• Sound waves


  Mechanical waves that require a medium, such as air, water, or solids, to travel through
• Sound waves

  • They propagate through the compression and rarefaction of particles in the medium
  • They travel at a much slower speed than light waves, typically around 343 meters per second in air
  • They are longitudinal, meaning the particles vibrate parallel to the direction of wave travel
  • Our sense of hearing detects sound waves, with different frequencies determining the pitch of the sound
  • They are vital for communication, music, and applications like ultrasound imaging
• Magnets


  Materials that produce a magnetic field and have the ability to attract or repel other materials
• Magnets


  • They have two poles: a north pole and a south pole, where the magnetic forces are strongest
  • Like poles repel each other, while opposite poles attract
  • They can be natural, like lodestone, or artificial, such as electromagnets
• Magnetic field


  A region around a magnet where magnetic forces are exerted on other magnets or magnetic materials
• Magnetic field


  • It is a vector field, meaning it has both magnitude and direction
  • Magnetic field lines are used to visualize the direction of the magnetic field, flowing from the north pole to the south pole outside the magnet and in the opposite direction inside the magnet
• Magnetic force


  The force exerted between magnets or magnetic materials due to their magnetic fields
• Magnetic force


  • When two magnets interact, they create a magnetic force that can either attract or repel each other
  • The strength of the magnetic force depends on the distance between the magnets and the magnetic properties of the materials involved
  • Magnetic forces play a crucial role in various applications, such as electric motors, generators, MRI machines, and magnetic levitation systems
• Electromagnetic spectrum

  • Gamma rays
  • Ultraviolet rays
  • Visible light
  • Infrared radiation
  • Microwaves
  • Radio waves
• Electromagnetic spectrum


  • It encompasses all forms of electromagnetic radiation, ranging from high-energy gamma rays to low-energy radio waves
  • Each type of electromagnetic radiation has a specific wavelength and frequency, with gamma rays having the shortest wavelength and radio waves the longest
  • Different forms of radiation interact with matter in various ways, such as absorption, reflection, and transmission
  • It is crucial for various applications, including communication, medical imaging, and astronomy
• Wavelength


  The distance between two successive points on a wave
• Frequency


  The number of wave cycles passing a point in a given time
• Amplitude


  The maximum displacement of a wave from its equilibrium position
• Wave speed


  Determined by the medium through which it travels, with the speed of light being constant in a vacuum
• Wave properties


  • Waves can undergo reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference, leading to various wave behaviors and phenomena
• Concave mirror


  Mirrors that curve inward and can produce both real and virtual images depending on the object's position relative to the mirror
• Convex mirror


  Mirrors that curve outward and always produce virtual images that appear smaller than the actual object
• Mirrors


  • They follow the laws of reflection, where the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, allowing us to predict how light will bounce off a mirror surface
  • They are essential in optics, imaging systems, and everyday applications like mirrors in cars and telescopes
• Convex lens


  Lenses that are thicker in the middle and thinner at the edges, causing light rays to converge at a focal point beyond the lens
• Concave lens


  Lenses that are thinner in the middle and thicker at the edges, causing light rays to diverge as if coming from a virtual focal point in front of the lens
• Lenses


  • They are crucial components in various optical instruments, such as cameras, microscopes, telescopes, and eyeglasses
  • They can correct vision problems like nearsightedness (myopia) and farsightedness (hyperopia) by refracting light to focus correctly on the retina
  • They follow the lensmaker's equation, relating the focal length, object distance, and image distance for a given lens
• Light waves

  • They are a type of electromagnetic radiation that can travel through a vacuum
  • They consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space
  • They have a dual nature, exhibiting both wave-like and particle-like properties (wave-particle duality)
  • The speed of light in a vacuum is approximately 3 x 10^8 meters per second, making it one of the fastest phenomena in the universe
  • They have different wavelengths, which determine the color of light. Shorter wavelengths correspond to colors like blue and violet, while longer wavelengths correspond to colors like red and orange
  • They can undergo various phenomena like reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference, leading to a wide range of optical effects
  • Our eyes detect light waves, allowing us to perceive the world around us and distinguish colors and shapes
• Reflection


  The process where light waves bounce off a surface, changing direction without being absorbed
• Refraction


  The bending of light waves as they pass from one medium to another with a different optical density
• Diffraction


  The bending of light waves around obstacles and edges, causing them to spread out
• Interference


  The interaction of two or more light waves that results in the reinforcement or cancellation of waves