Science 10 q1 2

• Lithosphere


  The outermost rigid layer of the earth consists of the crust and upper mantle
• Earthquake


  The vibration of the Earth due to the release of tremendous energy
• Plate boundaries

  1. Lines at the edges of the different pieces of the lithosphere

  2. Lithospheric plates are moving due to the convection current in the Earth's interior

  3. The lithosphere is made up of the crust and upper part of the mantle

  4. There are two types of crusts: the continental crust which is thicker but less dense, and the oceanic crust, which is thinner and denser
• Plate Tectonic Theory


  The Earth's lithosphere consists of the crust and upper mantle that move slowly and constantly over time
• Plate boundaries

  • Divergent
  • Convergent
  • Transform fault
• Divergent boundary


  • Plates separate and move apart in opposite directions forming new lithosphere - the young seafloor
  • Occurs at mid-ocean ridges (seafloor spreading) or at rifted continental margins (rift valley)
• Convergent boundary


  • Two plates move toward each other
  • Oceanic plate bends downward at the subduction zone
  • Oceanic plate sinks because it is denser than the continental plate
  • In convergence of two oceanic plates, the older plate sinks
  • In convergence of two continental plates, they collide and buckle up forming mountain ranges
• Transform fault boundary


  • Plates sliding past or slipping past each other
• Divergent boundary examples


  • Boundary between South American plate and African plate
  • Pacific Plate and Nazca Plate
  • North American Plate and Eurasian Plate
• Convergent boundary examples

  • Boundary between Eurasian plate and the Philippine plate
  • Nazca Plate and South American Plate
  • Pacific Plate and Australian Plate
• Divergent boundary


  Two plates moving away from each other
• Three types of convergent boundaries

  • Convergent boundary which forms volcanic island arc
  • Convergent boundary forming a continental volcanic arc
  • Convergent boundary wherein there is no subduction
• At the convergent plate boundary, the older crust is melted by subduction
• The East African Rift is an example of a divergent boundary
• The Himalayan mountain range of India was formed at the convergent boundary
• The San Andreas Fault is an example of a transform fault boundary
• Philippine islands were originated from convergent boundary
• Transform fault boundary is formed between the Pacific plate and North American plate which extends through California
• Subduction is the process wherein the leading edge of one plate bends downward into the mantle beneath the other plate
• Transform boundary is formed between two plates sliding past each other
• Magma and molten rocks are other terms for the same thing
• Convergent boundary is formed between Caribbean plate and North American plate
• Divergent Boundary


  Formed when two tectonic plates move apart from each other creating tension
• Divergent Boundary formation

  1. Molten rocks called magma rise from the Earth's mantle to the surface

  2. The Earth's surface is cool enough to solidify the magma that rose

  3. Creating new oceanic crust or seafloor
• Divergent Boundary


  Also known as a constructive boundary
• Mid-ocean ridge


  • Formed by the divergence between oceanic plates
• Continental rift valley


  • Formed between continental plates
  • Can also be found at the bottom of the ocean where seafloor spreading occurs
• Divergent Boundaries


  • Boundary between South American plate and African plate
  • Pacific Plate and Nazca Plate
  • North American Plate and Eurasian Plate