EARTH & SPACE SCIENCE 1

• Sun


  A star at the center of our solar system
• Moon


  Earth's natural satellite
• Components of the solar system

  • Sun
  • Planets like Earth and Mars
  • Moons
  • Dwarf planets
  • Asteroids
  • Comets
• Earth orbiting the Sun


  Causes seasons
• Moon orbiting the Earth


  Affects tides and lunar phases
• Interactions between celestial bodies


  Lead to phenomena like eclipses and tides
• Moon phases


  Changing appearance of the Moon from Earth due to varying sunlight reflection
• Tides


  Regular rise and fall of ocean waters caused by the Moon's gravitational pull
• Moon's phases and tides


  Interconnected through gravitational forces, creating high and low tides based on the Moon's position relative to Earth
• Moons


  Natural satellites that orbit planets, like Earth's Moon
• Dwarf planets


  Celestial bodies that orbit the Sun but are not large enough to be considered full-fledged planets, such as Pluto
• Asteroids


  Rocky objects found mainly in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter
• Comets


  Icy bodies that orbit the Sun and develop a visible coma or tail when they approach it
• Eclipses


  Occur due to the alignment of the sun, Earth, and moon in space
• Solar eclipse


  Occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth, blocking sunlight
• Lunar eclipse


  Occurs when Earth is between the Sun and the Moon, casting a shadow on the Moon
• Stars


  Massive celestial bodies made up of hot gas that emit light and heat through nuclear reactions in their cores
• Astronomy


  Scientific field that studies celestial objects like stars, planets, galaxies, and phenomena beyond Earth's atmosphere
• Astrology


  Belief system that suggests a connection between the positions and movements of celestial bodies and events on Earth
• Global warming


  Long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature, primarily due to human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation, leading to the greenhouse effect
• Climate change


  Shifts in global climate patterns, including temperature, precipitation, and sea levels, resulting from global warming, with wide-ranging impacts on ecosystems, weather patterns, and human societies worldwide
• Weather


  Short-term atmospheric conditions in a specific location, such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, and wind speed
• Temperature


  Degree of hotness or coldness of the air, usually measured in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit
• Humidity


  Amount of water vapor present in the air, affecting how hot or cold it feels
• Precipitation


  Any form of water, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, falling from the sky
• Wind speed


  Measures how fast air is moving horizontally and plays a significant role in weather patterns and conditions
• Climate


  Long-term average of weather patterns in a particular region over an extended period, typically 30 years or more, influenced by factors like latitude, altitude, ocean currents, and greenhouse gas concentrations
• Latitude


  Angular distance of a location north or south of the Earth's equator, affecting climate and daylight hours
• Altitude


  Height above sea level, influencing temperature and atmospheric pressure
• Ocean currents


  Continuous movements of seawater driven by factors like winds and temperature, impacting regional climates and marine life
• Greenhouse gas concentrations


  Amount of gases like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, trapping heat and contributing to global warming and climate change
• Factors influencing weather and climate

  • Latitude
  • Altitude
  • Ocean currents
  • Wind patterns
  • Topography
  • Vegetation
  • Human activities
  • Natural phenomena
• Cumulus clouds


  Fluffy, white clouds with a flat base that indicate fair weather
• Stratus clouds


  Low, gray clouds that cover the sky like a blanket and may bring drizzle or light rain
• Cirrus clouds


  Wispy, high-altitude clouds made of ice crystals that often indicate fair weather
• Cumulonimbus clouds


  Towering clouds associated with thunderstorms, heavy rain, lightning, and sometimes hail or tornadoes
• Nimbostratus clouds


  Thick, dark clouds that bring continuous precipitation, often associated with overcast skies
• Types of precipitation


  • Rain
  • Snow
  • Sleet
  • Hail
  • Freezing rain
• Types of storms


  • Thunderstorms
  • Hurricanes or Tropical Cyclones
  • Tornadoes
  • Blizzards
  • Dust storms
• Water cycle


  1. Evaporation

  2. Condensation

  3. Precipitation

  4. Runoff

  5. Infiltration

  6. Transpiration