unit 1 history

• Reforming Acts


  A series of laws passed in 1832 and 1867 that expanded voting rights, eliminated rotten boroughs, and redistributed seats to better represent the population.
• The Great Reform Act (1832)


  A landmark law that extended suffrage to the middle class, increased representation for large population centers, and abolished some rotten boroughs.
• The Second Reform Act (1867)

  A law that enfranchised the working class, expanded suffrage further, and eliminated more rotten boroughs.
• Whig Triumvirate


  A coalition of Whig leaders who held office for a brief period from 1806-1807, pushing for reforms such as the abolition of slavery and expansion of parliamentary powers.
• Rotten Boroughs


  Electoral districts with no resident population, often manipulated by the aristocracy or wealthy landowners to maintain their power.
• The Great Reform Act (1832)


  A landmark law that expanded the electoral franchise, abolished rotten boroughs, and created a more representative Parliament.
• The 1867 Reform Act


  A law that gave the vote to around 1.5 million working-class individuals, further expanding the electoral franchise and addressing issues of corruption and bribery.
• Slavery Abolition (1833)


  The British Parliament abolished slavery throughout the British Empire, marking a major milestone in the fight against slavery.
• Poor Law Reform (1834)

  The British government implemented a new Poor Law, aiming to provide relief to the poor and vulnerable, while discouraging dependency and introducing a workhouse system.
• Factory Acts (1802-1847)


  A series of laws aimed to improve working conditions and regulate child labor in British factories, gradually improving the lives of working-class individuals.
• The Reform Acts and the Expansion of Voting Rights


  The Reform Acts of 1832 and 1867, and the Representation of the People Act (1884), expanded voting rights and abolished rotten boroughs, redistributing seats to better represent the population.
• The Rise of the Labor Movement

  The Owenites, Chartism Movement, and trade union movement fought for workers' rights, better working conditions, and higher wages, influencing the development of parliamentary democracy.
• The Development of the British Empire


  The 19th century saw the British Empire expand through colonization, marked by the establishment of Dominions, colonies, and protectorates, and the "Scramble for Africa" in the late 19th century.
• The Education Act (1870)


  The Education Act of 1870 introduced compulsory elementary education, leading to significant improvements in literacy rates and access to education, laying the foundation for the development of higher education in Britain.
• Who said, "Sir, we have made Italy. Now we must make Italians"?

  Massimo d’Azelgio
• What significant event occurred on October 26th, 1860?

  Garibaldi met Victor Emmanuel II in Teano
• When did the full unification of Italy occur?

  1870
• What was the situation in Italy in 1848 regarding unification?

  Unification seemed unimaginable after failed revolutions
• What were the key factors that led to the unification of Italy?

  Key turning points and individuals played a role
• What event in 1789 influenced Italy's political landscape?

  The French Revolution
• What was the impact of the French Revolutionary Wars in Italy?

  They destroyed feudal structures in Italy
• What was established during the French rule from 1796-1814?

  Code Napoleon
• What did the Congress of Vienna aim to achieve in 1815?

  To restore stability and balance in Europe
• Who chaired the Congress of Vienna?

  Klemens Von Metternich
• What was the legacy of Napoleonic rule in Italy?

  Desire for individual liberty and constitutional government
• What was the literacy rate in Italy in 1871?

  About 2/3 of the population was illiterate
• What was the political situation of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1830?

  It was poor and sparsely populated
• What was the status of Venice after the Treaty of Vienna?

  Returned to Austrian control
• What was the aim of the Carbonari secret society?

  To achieve independence from Austria
• Why did the revolutions of 1830/31 fail?

  They lacked widespread support and unity
• What was the Troppau Protocol of 1820?

  It allowed military intervention to crush revolutions
• What did the Risorgimento idea represent?

  The desire for political liberty and independence
• Who were some key figures celebrated by the Risorgimento?

  Cavour, Mazzini, and Garibaldi
• What were the main challenges to Italian unification from 1830 to 1849?

  • Lack of a unified language
  • Strong Austrian and Spanish control
  • High illiteracy rates
  • Individual state identities and competition
  • Absence of foreign support
• What were the cultural influences that contributed to the Risorgimento?

  • Italian national identity through literature
  • Enlightenment ideas promoting liberty
  • Artistic heritage from the Renaissance
  • Development of a common language
  • Cultural unity among the middle class
• What were the key events of the 1830/31 revolutions in Italy?

  1. July Days uprising in France inspired revolts
  2. Uprisings in Modena and Papal States
  3. Lack of elite support for revolts
  4. Austrian intervention to suppress uprisings
  5. Failure to address fundamental social issues
• What were the long-term effects of the failed revolutions of 1830/31?

  • Increased animosity towards Austria
  • Linking constitutionalism with independence
  • Rise of the Risorgimento idea
  • Growing awareness of national identity
  • Seeds for future revolutionary movements
• Who is associated with the idea of a unified Italy in literature and music?

  Alfieri and Denina
• What was the purpose of Biblioteca Italiana established in Milan in 1816?

  To promote a common Italian language
• What themes did Giuseppe Verdi's 1842 work 'Hebrew Slaves' express?

  Longing for homeland and patriotism