genetic variation

• Nucleotides


  Made up of sugar, phosphate and bases
• Base pair rule of DNA

  A-T and G-C
• Anti-parallel


  2 strands of complementary strands of DNA that are next to each other but in opposite directions
• Semi-conservative


  2 identical DNA molecules that have resulted from DNA, these are made up of 1 new strand and one original strand
• Nucleotides


  Made up of sugar phosphate and bases
• Phosphate


  Functions to be able to link up to neighbouring phosphate
• Sugars found in DNA and RNA

  • Deoxyribose
  • Ribose
• DNA


  Contains the sugar Deoxyribose
• RNA


  Contains the sugar Ribose
• Bases found in DNA

  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
• Bases found in RNA

  • Adenine
  • Uracil
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
• Bases are found in the base pair rule and are similar in both RNA and DNA
• Nucleotide bases

  • Hold and compromise the DNA code
• Purines

  • Adenine
  • Guanine
• Purines


  • Structure has double rings
  • Will pair up with pyrimidines
• Pyrimidines

  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Uracil
• Pyrimidines


  • Single ringed structures
  • Always pair with purines
• Hydrogen bonds in DNA

  • In A and T there are 2 hydrogen bonds
  • In G and C there are 3 hydrogen bonds
• Deoxyribonucleic acid


  One of the 2 acids found
• Ribonucleic acid


  One of the 2 acids found
• Eukaryotic cell


  • Has a nucleus
  • DNA is found in the nucleus
• DNA

  A polymer with a repeating pattern of nucleotide bases joined up to form a double helix
• Eukaryotic cell


  • Has many chromosomes located in the nucleus
• Prokaryotic cell


  • Has a single cell and no nucleus, DNA is found in the cytoplasm
• DNA double helix structure

  The sides are the sugar phosphate backbone, the inside has the bases which follow the base pair rule
• DNA heated to 90 degrees


  Strands will denature and separate into 2 strands
• Locus


  The location of the gene
• Chromatin


  Half a chromosome after DNA replication
• DNA

  2 strands<|>Contains the genetic instructions<|>A long polymer<|>Has a deoxyribose and phosphate backbone<|>Acts like a long term storage
• DNA double strands

  • Anti-parallel
  • Long chain of nucleotides
• DNA sugar

  Deoxyribose
• DNA bases

  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
• Base pair rule in DNA


  1. A- T and G-C
• RNA


  Single strand
• Nucleic acid polymer


  RNA
• RNA backbone


  • Ribose and phosphate backbone
• RNA function

  Translates genetic information from deoxyribonucleic acid into protein products<|>Transports and transmits genetic code to make proteins from the nucleus to ribosomes
• RNA sugar

  Ribosome
• RNA bases

  • Adenine
  • Uracil
  • Guanine
  • Thymine
• RNA base pair rule


  1. A-U and G-C