ch 15 pt 2

• Antibodies


  Immunoglobulins (Ig), proteins that bind to epitopes of antigens
• Antibodies


  • 4 part proteins
  • Very specific to their antigen
  • Made by specific B cells when stimulated
• Antibody titer


  Quantitative looking for the amount of antibodies to check that the body is mounting a response
• Antibody structure


  • Composed of 2 heavy (H) chains, 2 light (L) chains
  • 2 antigen binding sites
  • Variable regions
  • 1 constant region that sticks out
• Antibody classes


  • IgM (first response at first exposure, 10 antigen binding sites)
  • IgA (secretion in mucus, other secretions)
  • IgD (been receptor development)
  • IgG (most versatile, longest life)
  • IgE (targets parasitic infections, responsible for allergies, least common)
• Antigen-Antibody Complex


  Antibodies bind to specific part of antigen, leading to affinity, complement fixation, agglutination, opsonization, and neutralization
• Primary Antigen Response


  First exposure forms memory B and T cells, primes immune system
• Secondary Antigen Response


  Memory B and T cells are primed, faster and stronger response to pathogen
• Immunodeficiency


  Primary (born with deficiency), secondary (developed later in life)
• Hypersensitivity


  Immune system reacts to outside source as a threat though it's not
• Types of Grafts


  • Xenograft (from another animal)
  • Allograft (from someone else)
  • Isograft (twin)
  • Autograft (from self, no response)
• Immunization


  Vaccines prime the immune system
• Vaccine Types


  • Immunotherapeutic (gives information)
  • Vector vaccines (adenoviral, build mRNA that codes for antigen)
  • Messenger RNA vaccines (build mRNA, put in sphere, deliver to host cells)
  • Toxoid vaccines (uses toxoid to prime immune system)