Anatomy & Physiology - Lecture (Nursing) module 1

• Anatomy - is the study of structures of the body.
• Physiology- is the study of the processes and functions of the body.
• 6 levels of organization for human body

  • chemical
  • cell
  • tissue
  • organ
  • organ system
  • organism
• Chemical- involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules
• Cell- basic structural and functional units of organisms
• Tissue- a group of similar cells and the material surrounding them
• Organ- composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more functions
• Organ systems- a group of organs classified as units because of a common function or set of functions
• Organisms- a complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another
• What are the 11 organ systems of human body

  • Integumentary
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
  • Endocrine
  • Cardiovascular
  • Lymphatic
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Urinary
  • Reproductive
• Integumentary- provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, helps produce vitamin D

  * Some organs are: skin, hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
• Skeletal- provides protections and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, stores mineral and adipose tissue

  * Some organs are: bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, joints
• Muscular- produces body movements, maintains posture, produces body heat

  * Some organs are: muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons
• Nervous- major regulatory systems that detects sensation and controls movements, physiological processes, intellectual functions

  * Some organs are: brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
• Endocrine- major regulatory systems that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction

  * Some organ are: endocrine glands, such as pituitary that secrete hormones
• Cardiovascular- transport nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body, plays a role in the immune response and regulation of the body temperature

  * Some organ are: hearts, blood vessels, and blood
• Lymphatic- removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, absorbs dietary fats from digestive tract

  * Some organ are: lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs
• Respiratory- exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air, regulates blood ph

  * Some organ are: lungs and respiratory passages
• Digestive- performs the mechanical and chemical processes of the digestion, absorption of nutrients, elimination of waste

  * Some organs are: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs
• Urinary- removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood ph, ion balance, water balance

  * Some organs are: kidneys, urinary bladder, uterus
• Reproductive- produces oocytes for females and sperm cells for males for reproduction and hormones that influences sexual functions and behaviors

  * Some organs are: female (ovaries, uterus, vagina) male (testes, ducts, penis)
• What are the 6 essential characteristics of life

  • organization
  • metabolism
  • responsiveness
  • growth
  • development
  • reproduction
• Organization- refers to a specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism.
• Metabolism- the ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, movements, and reproduction.
• Responsiveness- the ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments that help maintain its life
• Growth- refers to an increase in size of all part of the organism
• Development- includes the changes an organism undergoes through time
• Reproduction- the formation of new cells or new organisms
• Homeostasis- the condition in which body functions, body fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are maintained within a range of values suitable to support life

  • Negative feedback mechanism- regulates most systems of the body; occurs when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted
  • Positive feedback mechanism- occurs when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response
• Anatomical position- refers to a person standing upright with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward
• Directional terms- always refer to the anatomical position, regardless of the body's actual position
• Right- toward the body's right side
• Left- toward the body's left side
• Inferior (caudal) - Toward the bottom of the body or the lower part of an organism ( below)
• Superior (cranial)- Toward the head or above the head, toward the top of the body (above)
• Anterior- toward the front of the body
• Posterior- toward the back of the body
• Dorsal- toward the back (synonymous with posterior)
• Ventral- toward the belly (synonymous with anterior)
• Proximal- closer to a point of attachment