InPsy

• The topics Aristotle wrote during 3rd Century BC.

  Sleep, senses, dreams, and memories.
• Mind and brain are separate identities was proposed by a French Philosopher named


  Rene Descartes
• Mind VS. Brain

  Dualism
• Mind AND Brain

  Monism
• Physiology 


  A branch of biology that studies the function and parts of living organisms.
• Psychology


  The scientific study of behaviors and mental processes
• Psychologia


  The Latin word for psychology, meaning "study of the soul"
• OBJECTIVES (DUPIA)

  • Describe
  • Understand
  • Predict
  • Influence or Alter
• Structuralism

  • Proponents: Wilem Wundt & Edward Titchener
  • Most complex conscious experiences can be broken down into elemental structure or component parts of sensation and feelings
  • Introspection: Creating a total description of one's experience through their senses
• Functionalism


  • Proponent: William James
  • Importance of how behavior functions to allow people and animals to adapt to their environment
  • Include direct observation of living creatures in natural settings
  • James saw consciousness as an ongoing "stream" of mental activity
  • Notable students: G. Stanley Hall and Mary Whiton Calkins
• Behaviorism

  • Grew from Ian Pavlov's Classical Conditioning, adopted by John Watson
  • Focused its scientific investigations on observable behavior that could be objectively measured and verified
  • To discover the fundamental principles of learning, how behavior is acquired and modified in response to environmental influences
  • Studied animal behavior under controlled laboratory conditions
• Psychoanalysis

  • Proponent: Sigmund Freud
  • Emphasized the role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality
  • Past experience, especially childhood experiences, were thought to be critical in the formation of adult personality and behavior
  • Extreme unconscious conflicts lead to psychological disorders
• Gestalt


  • Proponent: Max Wertheimer
  • Emphasized the perception of the whole figures rather than the individual elements of conscious experiences
• Humanistic


  • Proponents: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
  • Emphasized self-determination, free will, and importances of choice in human behavior
• Four Major Perspectives in Psychology

  • Biological
  • Behavioral
  • Cognitive
  • Socio-Cultural
• Branches of Psychology

  • Experimental
  • Developmental
  • Social
  • Personality
  • Health
  • Educational
  • Industrial/Organizational
  • Clinical
• Developmental Psychology


  The study of how people change physically, mentally, and socially throughout the lifespan
• Eight Stages of the Lifespan

  • Prenatal
  • Infancy
  • Early Childhood
  • Middle Childhood
  • Adolescence
  • Young Adulthood
  • Middle Adulthood
  • Late Adulthood
• Chromosomes


  Long, threadlike structures composed of twisted parallel strands of DNA, containing the genetic code
• Genotype

  Underlying genetic make-up
• Phenotype


  Traits that are actually displayed
• Prenatal Development

  1. Germinal Period (0-2 weeks)

  2. Embryonic Period (3-8 weeks)

  3. Fetal Period (8 or 9 weeks to birth)
• Germinal Period


  • Zygotic period
  • Zygote undergoes rapid cell division before becoming implanted on the mother's uterine wall
  • Zygote will develop into embryo
• Embryonic Period


  • Embryo in amniotic sac, receives nutrients, oxygen, and water, and gets rid of wastes
  • Umbilical cord attaches embryo to placenta
  • Placenta prevents harmful substances entering embryo
  • Teratogens can cause birth defects
• Fetal Period


  • Fetus will grow and mature for life outside
  • 3rd month - can move arms, legs, mouth, and head, capable of being reflexive
  • 4th month - quickening (fetus moving)
  • 5th month - brain cells are present and will develop
  • 6th month - brain activity similar to a newborn
• Reflexes in Infancy

  • Rooting Reflex
  • Sucking Reflex
  • Grasping Reflex
• Preferential Looking


  Something a baby does when they see something interesting, next to something that is not interesting
• Habituation

  A decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations
• Language Development

  Every child is born with a biological predisposition to learn language (Noam Chomsky)<|>Cooing and Babbling Stage<|>One-Word Stage<|>Two-Word Stage
• Piaget's Cognitive Stages

  • Sensorimotor Stage (Birth - 2 years)
  • Pre-Operational Stage (2 - 7 years)
  • Concrete Operational Stage (7 - 12 years)
  • Formal Operational Stage
• Sensorimotor Stage


  • Infants acquire knowledge through actions and motor actions
  • Develop object permanence
• Pre-Operational Stage


  • Symbolic thought
  • Egocentrism
  • Irreversibility
  • Centration
  • Conservation
• Concrete Operational Stage

  • Understands Principle of Conservation
  • Thinking and logic limited to concrete reality
• Formal Operational Stage


  • Systematic and Logical
  • Ability to think logically about abstract concepts or hypothetical situations
• Psychosexual Development


  Sexual life starts with clear manifestations after birth
• Freud's Psychosexual Stages

  • Oral Phase
  • Anal Phase
  • Phallic Phase
• Oral Phase

  • Erogenous Zone: Mouth, lips, tongue
  • Oral Fixation
  • Oral Character Types: Receptive/Dependent, Aggressive
• Anal Phase


  • Erogenous Zone: Anal region
  • Anal Fixation
  • Anal Character Types: Retentive, Expulsive
• Phallic Phase

  • Erogenous Zone: Genitals
  • Oedipus Complex in Boys
  • Elektra Complex/Female Oedipus Complex in Girls
  • Castration Anxiety in Boys
  • Penis Envy in Girls
• Anal Retentive


  Stubborn, stingy, compulsively clean (OCPD)