Earth and Space Science

• Atmosphere is made up of 78% of nitrogen
• Atmosphere is made up of 21% oxygen
• Troposphere- lowest layer of the atmosphere from 0-10 km above, contains 75% and 99% of the atmosphere's mass and water vapor
• Stratosphere- 50 km above, airplanes can fly, jet and hot air balloons can climb up to 30 km, ozone layer can be found
• Mesosphere- 50-85 km above ground, temperature can fall down to -90 degree celsius polar mesospheric or noctilucent clouds
• Ionosphere- plays an important role in the propagation of radio waves via reflection around the globe
• Thermosphere- home of the international space station, lower part of the exosphere, 1000 km above ground
• Exosphere- the outermost layer of atmosphere, 600 km above ground and 10000 km thick, separate the earth's atmosphere from the outer space
• Greenhouse effects- a phenomenon caused by greenhouse
• Wind- result of the uneven heating of air masses which drives to convection currents
• Land breeze- occurs at night when air mass over land rushes towards the sea
• Sea breeze- occurs mostly at the day when air mass over sea rush towards land
• Global wind system- compossed of the circulation and exchange of air masses among the wind belts
• Coriolis effect- is the curving of wind due to earth's rotation
• Northeast and Southwest monsoons- a low pressure area develops over either the land or sea and cooler air moves in from the other
• Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)- is a line along the equator, northeastern and southeastern air masss meet, known as doldrums or the calms among sailors
• Tropical depression winds- 61kph
• Tropical storm- 62-88kph
• Severe tropical storm winds- 89-117kph
• Outer core- iron-sulfur, mixture moves by convection
• Inner core- iron-nickel, alloy
• Mantle- olivine (magnesium-iron, silicate)
• Crust- continental: granite, silica and aluminum. Oceanic: basalt; silica and magnesium
• Geodynamo- responsible for the geomagnetic field of the planet, protects the planet from harmful effects of solar wind
• Lithosphere- hard rigid outer layer of the earth's crust
• Minerals- naturally occuring, inorganic, solid matter and that are of definite chemical composition
• Properties of minerals- color, streak, luster, hardness (moh's scale), crystal form, cleavage and fracture, specific gravity
• Rocks- composed of one or more minerals
• Igneous rock- formed from cooled lava; can either be extrusive or intrusive (plutonism)
• Sedimentary: weathering- transport-deposition-lithification
• Metamorphic rock- formed when igneous and sedimentary rocks are subjected to high temperature, pressure
• Petroleum- found under layers of rock; trapped energy in the fossil was harnessed
• Geothermal energy- heat obtained from beneath the ground, utilized to generate electricity
• Minerals- graphite, talc, sand, gravel, limestone etc
• Malleable metals- alloys
• Quarrying- use of large equipment to obtain minerals
• Mining- digging tunnels into the earth to obtain metallic ores
• Casting- metals in liquid form are poured into molds
• Forging- heated materials are beaten into desired shapes
• Soil- formed through weathering of rocks by mechanical action or chemically active substances