Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides 


  The monomers from which larger molecules of carbohydrate are made
• Condensation reaction Between two monosaccharides forms a glycosidic bond .
• Disaccharides 


  It forms when two molecules of monosaccharides are joined together by condensation reaction
• Examples of disaccharides 


  Maltose( two glucose molecules)

  Sucrose (glucose and fructose molecule)

  Lactose (glucose and galactose molecules)
• Glucose isomers 


  A-glucose

  B-glucose
• Polysaccharides 


  It’s formed by condensation reaction of many glucose units
• Examples of polysaccharides 


  Glycogen, starch ( a-glucose)

  Cellulose ( b-glucose)
• Structure of Starch


  It’s a mixture of two polysaccharides of A-glucose . AMYLOSE AND AMYLOPECTIN.
• What does amylose look like and what is its function ?

  Long , unbranched chains of a-glucose . The angles of glycosidic bond forms a coiled structure. This makes it compact and useful for storage
• Amylopectin in starch ( structure and function)


  Long , branched chains of a-glucose . Side branches allow enzymes break down the molecule easier . so glucose is released quickly .
• Starch is insoluble in water so it does not affect the water potential so it does not cause water to enter cells by osmosis .
• Glycogen structure and function

  It’s storage of energy in animals. It’s a polysaccharide of a-glucose. It has many side branches meaning that glucose can be released quicker . Also, very compact so useful for storage .
• Cellulose structure and function

  Cellulose is a component of a cell wall. It’s made of polysaccharide of b-glucose . It has long unbranched chains and when they bond together, they have a straight cellulose chain . This cellulose chain are linked together by hydrogen bond And form strong fibres called microfibrils. This strong fibres provides a structural support for cells.