Para

• Parasite


  Organisms that depend on another organism (hosts)
• Chagas disease


  Caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, hallmark/cardinal sign is inflammation and swelling at the site of the vector (Reduviid bug/Kissing bug/Assassin bug)
• Symbiosis


  Living together of two or more unlike organisms, 3 types: Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism
• Toxoplasma gondii


  Causes toxoplasmosis, unicellular protozoan parasite under coccidia together with Plasmodium spp.

  
• Plasmodium falciparum


  Most prevalent species of Plasmodium capable of causing malaria, most common vector is Anopheles minimus var. flavirostris (Anopheles flavirostris) mosquito
• Metazoan Parasites


  Multicellular parasites, including Nematodes (Roundworms), Cestodes (Tapeworms), Trematodes (Flatworms/Flukes)

  
• Paragonimus westermani


  Causes paragonimiasis, adult fluke is coffee bean-like/leaf-shaped and reddish-brown in color, second intermediate host is small mountain crabs eaten raw
• All entamoebas are commensals except for Entamoeba histolytica
• Parasitology


  A branch of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism with another organism, relationship with the concept of host and parasites
• 3 reasons why parasites need or depend on the host for survival

  • Source of food or nourishment (most common reason), Host provides protection, Host serves as the shelter
• Parasitology


  Comes from 3 Greek words: "Para" (beside), "Sitos" (related to bread or nourishment), "Logos" (study), meaning "Beside nourishment study"
• Medical Parasitology


  Differs from parasitology, highlights those organisms that are capable of causing infection, examples include malarial parasite and Entamoeba histolytica
• Protozoology


  Branch of parasitology concerned with studying unicellular organisms, classified in terms of the number of cells, examples include Entamoeba, Ameba, Atrial flagellates, Hemoflagellates, Coccidian, Sporozoan

  
• Helminthology


  Study the groups of multicellular parasites, examples include Roundworms (Nematodes), Flukes (Trematodes), Tapeworms (Cestodes)
• Medical Entomology


  Highlights the discussion regarding arthropods (biology), relevant for BS Medical Technology (diagnostics) and BS Public Health (prevention and control programs)
• Tropical Medicine


  Branch of medicine concerned with diseases common in tropical countries, not all disease qualities are said to be tropical (e.g. no malaria outbreaks in very cold regions)
• Mutualism


  Both organisms benefit without producing harm
• Commensalism


  Only 1 organism benefits without harm produced, the benefiting organism is called the commensal (e.g. E. coli, E. hartmanni, E. moshkovskii, E. nana)
• Parasitism


  Only 1 organism benefits with harm produced, examples include Entamoeba histolytica and Ascaris lumbricoides (erratic parasite found outside usual habitat causing Loeffler's syndrome)

  
• Classification of parasites


  • According to mode of living, According to the duration of parasitism, According to pathologic locations

  
• Ectoparasites


  Found outside or external to the host, examples include Sarcoptes scabiei and Pediculus humanus capitis (kuto)
• Endoparasites


  Found within the body or inside the host

  
• Mutualism


  Both organisms benefit without producing harm on both ends
• Commensalism


  Only 1 organism benefits in the relationship without harm produced
• Commensal


  The one that benefits
• Parasitism


  Only 1 organism benefits in this relationship with harm produced
• Parasites


  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Ascaris lumbricoides (Giant intestinal worm)

  
• Ascaris lumbricoides (Giant intestinal worm)


  • Erratic (found outside of its usual habitat)
  • Loeffler's syndrome - where the worm is in the lungs

  
• Classification of parasites


  • According to mode of living
  • According to the duration of parasitism
  • According to pathologic locations

  
• Ectoparasites


  Found outside or external to the host
• Ectoparasites


  • Sarcoptes scabiei
  • Pediculus humanus capitis (kuto)
• Endoparasites


  Found within the body or inside the body
• Endoparasites and their locations

  • Intestines: Entamoeba histolytica
  • Liver: Entamoeba histolytica, Fasciola hepatica
  • Lungs: Paragonimus westermani
  • Brain: Naegleria fowleri, Angiostrongylus cantonensis
  • RBC: Plasmodium spp.
  • Lymphatics: Filarial worms (Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi)

  
• Facultative Parasites


  Either be free-living or parasitic
• Facultative Parasites


  • Strongyloides stercoralis
  • Acanthamoeba and Naegleria fowleri

  
• Obligate Parasites


  ALWAYS require a host for survival
• Accidental/Incidental Parasites


  Parasite found in a host but not common to them
• Occasional/Periodic Parasites


  Parasites that will only search for a host ONLY when needed, needs intermediate host
• Occasional/Periodic Parasites


  • Cestodes and Trematodes
• Saprophytic Parasites


  Found in decaying materials