Module 1

• The scientific study of behaviors and mental processes.

  Psychology
• Objectives of Psychology

  To describe, understand, predict, and alter or influence behaviors.
• Psychology


  Originated from the Latin word 'Psychologia'
• Psycho


  Soul
• Logia

  Study
• Psychology

  Study of the soul
• Objectives of Psychology (DUPIA)

  • Describe
  • Understand
  • Predict
  • Influence or Alter
• Describe


  • What is the nature of this behavior?
  • Characteristics and symptoms
• Understand


  • Why does it occur?
  • History or background of the behavior
• Predict


  • When will it occur?
  • Identify its trigger response
• Influence or Alter


  • What conditions affect it?
  • Solution to neutralize and improve behavior
• Structuralism

  Most complex conscious experiences can be broken down into elemental structure or component parts of sensation and feelings
• Structuralism

  • Proponents: Wilem Wundt (German physiologist) & Edward Titchener
  • Introspection: Creating a total description of one's experience through their senses
• Functionalism


  Importance of how behavior functions to allow people and animals to adapt to their environment
• Functionalism


  • William James
  • Include direct observation of living creatures in natural settings
  • James saw consciousness as an ongoing "stream" of mental activity
  • G. Stanley Hall and Mary Whiton Calkins, James' most notable students
• Behaviorism


  Focused its scientific investigations on observable behavior that could be objectively measured and verified
• Behaviorism


  • Grew from Ian Pavlov's Classical Conditioning, adopted by John Watson
  • To discover the fundamental principles of learning, how behavior is acquired and modified in response to environmental influences
  • Studied animal behavior under controlled laboratory conditions
• Psychoanalysis


  Emphasized the role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality
• Psychoanalysis


  • Sigmund Freud
  • Past experience, especially childhood experiences, were thought to be critical in the formation of adult personality and behavior
  • Extreme unconscious conflicts lead to psychological disorders
• Gestalt


  Emphasized the perception of the whole figures rather than the individual elements of conscious experiences
• Gestalt


  • Max Wertheimer
• Humanistic


  Emphasized self-determination, free will, and importances of choice in human behavior
• Humanistic

  • Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
• Four Major Perspectives in Psychology

  • Biological Perspective
  • Behavioral Perspective
  • Cognitive Perspective
  • Socio-Cultural Perspective
• Biological Perspective


  • Focuses on stages of development through genetics or physical bases
• Behavioral Perspective


  • Focuses on environmental influences
• Cognitive Perspective


  • Focuses on mental processes
• Socio-Cultural Perspective


  • Focuses on culture
• Branches of Psychology

  • Experimental Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Personality Psychology
  • Health Psychology
  • Educational Psychology
  • Industrial/Organizational Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology
• Experimental Psychology


  • Focuses on research on basic topics like sensory processes, principles of learning, emotion and motivation
• Developmental Psychology


  • Studies the physical, social and psychological changes that occur at different ages and stages over the lifespan
• Social Psychology


  • Explores how people are affected by their natural environments, including how people think and influence others
• Personality Psychology


  • Examines individual differences and the characteristics that make each person unique
• Health Psychology


  • Focuses on the role of psychological factors in the development, prevention, and treatment of illness
• Educational Psychology


  • Studies how people of all ages learn and helps develop the instructional methods and materials used to train people in both educational and work settings
• Industrial/Organizational Psychology


  • Concerned with the relationship between people and work
• Clinical Psychology


  • Studies the causes, treatment, and prevention of different types of psychological disorders