nucleotide

• DNA in eukaryotes


  Linear chromosomes
• DNA in prokaryotes


  Circular chromosomes
• Genome of a cell


  The set of chromosomes
• Gene


  A unit of heredity and a region of DNA that influences a particular characteristic in an organism
• What a gene contains

  An open reading frame that can be transcribed, as well as regulatory sequences such as promoters and enhancers
• Genomic DNA difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

  Genomic DNA differs structurally
• Eukaryotes


  • Plants, animals, fungi, and protozoa
• Prokaryotes


  • Bacteria and archea
• Nucleoid


  Irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm where DNA is held in prokaryotes
• Meaning of 'nucleoid'


  Nucleus-like and also known as the nuclear region, nuclear body or chromatin body
• Nucleoid is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane or separate cellular compartment bounded by a membrane
• Structure of nucleic acid in prokaryotic genomes

  A circular, double-stranded piece of DNA, and multiple copies may exist
• Prokaryotic genomes have no introns
• Prokaryotic genomes have less repetitive sequences compared to eukaryotic genomes
• Typical shape of bacterial chromosomal DNA

  Circular molecule
• Sequences present in bacterial chromosomal DNA

  Origin of replication, structural gene sequences, and some repetitive sequences
• Function of the nucleolus

  It is responsible for producing ribosomes
• Organelle containing the genetic material of the cell

  Nucleus
• Where proteins are synthesized in the cell

  Ribosome
• Organelle responsible for transporting cellular materials

  Vesicle
• Organelle involved in the synthesis of proteins

  Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Function of the Golgi apparatus


  It processes and packages proteins and lipids
• What provides structure and shape to the cell

  Cytoskeleton
• Organelle involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification

  Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Organelle that is the powerhouse of the cell

  Mitochondrion
• Function of a vacuole in a cell

  It stores nutrients and waste products
• Where glycolysis and other metabolic activities take place in the cell

  Cytoplasm
• Organelle responsible for intracellular digestion

  Lysosome
• Organelle involved in the organization of microtubules during cell division

  Centriole
• Location of genomic DNA in eukaryotic cells

  In the cell nucleus, as well as small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts
• What chromosomes are composed of in eukaryotic cells

  DNA and protein
• Function of histones in the cell's genetic material

  To complex with DNA molecules and form chromosomes
• Why packaging of DNA in eukaryotic cells must be highly ordered and compact

  To fit the huge DNA molecules into the cell's nucleus
• Estimated total length of all DNA in a human cell
• What viruses with a simple structure do to make mature virus particles


  They self-assemble
• How viruses survive


  By infecting a host cell and pirating the metabolic machinery
• Specificity of each viral form

  It is usually specific for a type of host cell
• Bacteriophages


  Viruses that infect bacteria
• How animal viruses survive

  By infecting host cells and utilizing their machinery
• What bacteriophages are also known as

  Phages