blood/vessels

• arteries

  carry blood away from the heart
• capillaries


  site of nutrient, waste, gas exchange
• veins

  carry blood towards the heart
• systolic BP

  is the higher pressure caused by ventricular systole
• diastolic BP

  is the lower pressure from the blood itself
• pressure equals

  flow x resistance
• tunica interna (intima)

  epithelial tissue and basement membrane
• tunica media

  smooth muscle and elastic tissue, not present in capillaries
• tunica externa

  elastic and fibrous connective tissue, not present in capillaries
• 3 basic layer or ___ which comprises the vessel wall

  tunics
• arteries

  elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles
• elastic arteries

  high levels of elastic tissue, large and close to the heart, thin walls compared to lumen diameter, store energy of ventricular systole to keep blood moving in diastole
• muscular arteries

  high levels of smooth muscle tissue, maintain blood pressure for more distal areas
• which large vessels carry blood back to the heart from other organs?

  veins
• elastic arteries function as

  pressure and energy reservoirs
• anastomosis

  allows for multiple routes for blood to reach an organ
• arterioles

  control blood flow to capillaries, primary "adjustable nozzles", greatest drop in pressure occurs
• veins

  thinner walls, less muscle and elastic tissue, operate at much lower pressures, valves to keep blood flowing in only one direction, contain large percentage of the blood volume, function as blood reservoirs, venules
• venoconstriction

  constricting the veins allows greater volume of blood to flow to skeletal muscles
• venous return aided by

  pressure, venous valves, skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump
• which layer of the blood vessels is responsible for vasoconstriction

  tunica media
• in resting individuals, the highest blood ___ is in the veins

  volume
• both arteries and veins have what structural feature in common?

  3 layered walls
• because ___ carry blood ___ the heart, their structure/function is designed to aid in ensuring blood doesn't flow backwards

  veins; towards
• skeletal muscle pump is most significant in the

  veins of leg and arms
• what would be a normal response of the cardiovascular system when pressure is increased on the baroreceptors?

  decreased heart rate, increased pressure on baroreceptors means blood pressure is high, you need to bring BP down
• pressure regulation

  adjusting pressure and resistance to maintain adequate blood flow to vital organs at all times, effectors: vasodilate or vasoconstrict the vessels; heart increase or decrease CO
• increase baroreceptors

  means high bp so blood vessels vasodilate so heart can decrease CO and bp/bf can be lowered
• decrease baroreceptors

  means low bp so blood vessels vasoconstrict so heart can increase CO and bp/bf can be raised
• systemic blood vessel walls dilate

  to increase blood flow
• pulmonary blood vessels constrict

  to decrease blood flow
• chemo receptors respond to

  hypoxia (low o2), hypercapnia (high CO2), or acidosis (high H+)
• RAAS system

  retains water increasing blood pressure + volume
• ANP

  leads to water loss of water to lower blood pressure
• blood functions

  transport: nutrients, waste, hormones; regulate: pH, temperature; protect against: infection, blood loss
• components of blood

  blood plasma and formed elements
• plasma

  is 92% water, with dissolved solutes consisting mostly of various proteins, electrolytes, and gasses
• plasma proteins

  Albumin (54%): osmotic pressure, viscosity, carrier for some hydrophobic molecules, synthesized in liver; Globulins (38%): carrier for some hydrophobic molecules, contribute to immunity; Fibrinogen (7%) (clotting protein): important in hemostasis
• ___ is the most abundant major plasma protein and ___ the least abundant

  albumin; fibrinogen
• what directly increases the release of oxygen from hemoglobin in the tissues

  pH caused by carbon dioxide levels