SCIENCE: BIOLOGY

• Anatomy


  Study of the structures of the body
• Anatomy


  To dissect, or cut apart, or separate
• Approaches to the Study of Anatomy


  • Systemic Anatomy - study of the body by organ system
  • Regional Anatomy - study of the body by areas
• General Ways to Examine the Internal Structures

  • Surface Anatomy - study of external features; superficial structures to locate deeper structures
  • Anatomical Imaging - non-invasive method for examining deep structures; x-ray, CT scan, PET scan, MRI
• Physiology


  Study of the processes and functions of the body
• Physiology


  Main goals; to understand and predict; to understand how the body maintains conditions
• Structural and Functional Organization


  • Chemical Level - How atoms interact and combine into molecules
  • Cell Level - Cell - basic structural and functional unit of organisms
  • Tissue Level - Tissue - group of similar cells
  • Organ Level - Organ - composed of two or more tissue types that perform common functions
  • Organ System Level - Organ System - group of organs classified as a unit with a common set of functions
  • Organism Level - Organism - any living thing considered as a whole
• Characteristics of Life


  • Organization - interrelationship among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions
  • Metabolism - ability to use energy to perform vital functions
  • Responsiveness - ability to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments
  • Growth - increase in size
  • Development - changes an organism undergoes through time
  • Reproduction - formation of new cells/organisms
• Homeostasis


  Ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions
• Homeostasis


  Homeo: same; stasis: standing still
• Homeostasis


  Balance / Equilibrium
• Homeostatic mechanisms


  • Normally maintain body temp near an ideal normal value; sweating, shivering
• Variables


  Conditions that can change
• Set point


  Ideal value
• Normal range


  Acceptable range of values on which HM can still be met
• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms


  • Negative-feedback Mechanism - Regulates most systems of the body to maintain homeostasis; Negative; any deviation from the set point is resisted
  • Positive-feedback Mechanism - Not homeostatic and is rare in a healthy individ; Positive; when a value deviates from normal, the system's response is to make it greater
• Components to Maintain Homeostasis

  • Receptors
  • Control center - analyzes information and determines the appropriate response
  • Effector - provides the means to control the value of a variable
• Anatomical Position


  A person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward
• Supine


  Lying face upward
• Prone


  Lying face downward
• Directional Terms


  • Inferior - Lower
  • Superior - Higher
  • Anterior - Front
  • Posterior - Back
  • Ventral - Belly
  • Dorsal - Back
  • Proximal - Nearest
  • Distal - Distant
  • Lateral - Away from the midline
  • Medial - Towards the midline
  • Superficial - Toward or on surface
  • Deep - Internal
• Subdivisions of the Abdomen

  • Right Upper Quadrant
  • Left Upper Quadrant
  • Right Lower Quadrant
  • Left Lower Quadrant
  • Right Hypochondriac
  • Epigastric
  • Left Hypochondriac
  • Right Lumbar
  • Umbilical
  • Left Lumbar
  • Right Iliac
  • Hypogastric
  • Left Iliac
• Body Cavities


  • Thoracic cavity - bounded by ribs and the diaphragm; Mediastinum - partition containing the heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus
  • Abdominal cavity - bounded by the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles
  • Pelvic Cavity - surrounded by the pelvic bones
  • Pericardial cavity - surrounds the heart
  • Pleural cavity - surrounds the lungs
  • Peritoneal cavity - surrounds certain abdominal and pelvic organs
• Serous Membranes


  Line the trunk cavities and cover the organs
• Visceral Serous Membrane


  Covers the internal organs
• Parietal Serous Membrane


  Lines the wall of the cavity
• Mesenteries


  Hold the abdominal organs in place and provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to organs
• Pericarditis


  Inflammation of the pericardium
• Pleurisy


  Inflammation of the pleura
• Peritonitis


  Inflammation of the peritoneum
• Cell


  Basic unit of life
• Organelles


  Specialized structures
• Nucleus


  • Contains genetic material
• Cytoplasm


  • Living material
• Plasma membrane


  • Encloses the cytoplasm and nucleus
• Functions of the Cell


  • Cell metabolism and energy use
  • Synthesis of molecules
  • Communication
  • Reproduction and inheritance
• Cell membrane


  Outer boundary of the cell<|>Determines what enters and leaves the cell
• Extracellular


  Substances outside the cell
• Intracellular


  Substances inside the cell
• Fluid-Mosaic Model


  Arrangement of molecules in the cell membrane