12 marker

• explain why Wolsey's foreign policies did not win any military glory for Henry

  desire for peace - Treaty of London 1518, gave Henry more influence and prestige but later the Treaty of More in 1525 meant that there was a war with France and Henry gave claims to the French throne also loosing £430,000, Spain was unwilling to help England after a hostage of Francis and had to sign a peace treaty which angered Henry

  personal ambition - Wolsey had a desire to become Pope and was pro-French and wanted the peace treaty to be signed in 1525, Henry wanted to gain French land this opposition caused Wolsey's failure in military gains

  failed alliance with Charles V - in the treaty of bruges in 1521 england and Spain sign a treaty to have a war against France yet in 1529 there was a peace treaty between Spain and France since england does bit have the money to send soldiers to the war so Wolsey ultimately failed
• explain why Wolsey's domestic reforms were not as successful as he wished

  Finance - Henry wanted to increase power abroad so Wolsey set up a subsidy without parliament which meant the the income of each person determines the tac that they pay, this significantly increased the amount of money that Henry earned yet these subsidies caused wealthier people to revolt against this subsidy since they had to pay more causing the subsidies to fail,l

  Amicable Grant 1525- this was set in place to fund war against France, people had to pay 1/6 of their income as a tax, this result in a revolt in Suffolk where 10,000 men refused to pay, Henry claimed that he was unaware of the tax causing the reform to be unsuccessful

  Justice- Wolsey is in charge of the legal system, he strengthens the star chamber court, increases from 12 cases a year to 120 cases this meant that system became more fairer and in favour of the poor, yet the wealthy strongly discouraged it and tried to prevent more cases from occurring
• explain why henry vii got an annulment to Catherine of Aargon

  failure to produce a male heir - Henry wants to fulfil his longing desire to have a male heir, to secure his succession and Tudor Dynasty, she gave birth to her daughter in 1510 and her birth of her son in 1511 died at birth, this death of her sons causing Henry to dislike Catherine and stopped wanted to produce a male heir with her in 1524

  religious reasons - Leviticus stated that a marriage to your dead brothers wife would be cursed providing biblical reason against the marriage, vs Deuteronomy where it argued that the marriage to Arthur was not consummated due to his death so the marriage did not exist, this ongoing case not only caused Henry's desire for the annulment to increase but also causes Wolsey a loss of power

  attraction to Anne Boleyn - lady in waiting to Catherine, she was considered very fertile and was from a family of power, he had fallen in love with her and in 1533 she got pregnant and they married in secret, appointed thomas cranmer to annul the marriage
• explain why Wolsey fell from power in 1529

  failed annulment - Henry needed a male heir to secure the Tudor Dynasty, this put immense pressure on Wolsey, Leviticus stated that a marriage to your dead brothers wife would be cursed providing biblical reason against the marriage, vs Deuteronomy where it argued that the marriage to Arthur was not consummated due to his death so the marriage did not exist, this ongoing case weakened Wolsey's position and was unable to fulfil the kings wishes

  foreign policy failure - Henry wanted to be a great renaissance king to secure power, Treaty of London 1518, establish universal peace but ultimately failed, inability to achieve lasting peace, Treaty of Burges 1521, chose Spain but lead to wars where england where unable to help due to lack of money, questioned Wolsey's capability and eroded Henry's confidence

  Amicable Grant 1525 - tax on the public to help fund Henry's war with France due to unable secured alliances, many were opposed to the tax, uprising in Suffolk loss money 10,000 mean
• explain why Cromwell rose to power to be Henry's chief minister

  loyalty - Cromwell was the messenger to the King and earned his trust, ran Wolsey's household, royal council, worked for Wolsey and was devastated after death and managed his legal affairs after death, 1529 was the most trusted advisor and made a name for himself

  annulment - 1533 act in restraint of appeals, england was established as an empire and Henry was the supreme head of the church, the annulment wS secured so that Anne can be crowned as queen so that she could be the lawful queen in 1534

  skills/qualities - was good at paperwork and admin, and had legal experience since he was a layer after returning from war in 1503 with France, had militaristic experience, also developed knowledge as he worked in MP in 1529 showcased his loyalty and experience to Henry
• explain why Anne Boleyn was executed


  desire for a son- Anne miscarried in both 1534 and 1536 as she could not provide a male heir not secure the Tudor Dynasty, he is becoming older so chance of receiving a son decreases, if there is no son the pope may issue a papal bull to state that any one can take over England, blame on God providing that their marriage could be cursed

  suspected adultery - court was considered poisonous as it was full of scandals, parties and rumours, Cromwell investigates this adultery and was charged with 5 cases of adultery, Mark Smeaton confessed under serve torture, but there was no hard evidence

  Cromwell- began investigating Anne herself, argued that there was a relationship with Henry Percy which could prove that she is unlawful but no evidence, lady in waitings as spies to collect evidence, they had opposing views, Anne favoured alliance with France and not Spain seen to be meddling in male roles and going outside her position, and also put forward Jane Seymour as a possible wife
• explain why Cromwell made changes to government in 1534-40

  privy council - close to advisors and professionals, wanted to be based in London so more action can be taken, more lawyers and people with experience instead if nobles to be equal power and voice and less dominating power decreased the amount of people to make it more efficient, clerks recorded decisions so that if was more efficient

  Act of Succession 1534 - Anne Boleyn is the lawful queen due to the annulment with Catherine, put in place, Oath of Succession means that government intervenes more so that the parliament has more power, increases control

  Council of the North - improves how the North is governed, removes independence to create one system of government, established law and order in the North to create a permanent institution and given more responsibility, worked in Cromwells favour
• explain why the dissolution of monasteries took place

  Cromwell commissions 1535 - official inspections carried out which claimed that hundreds of monks where in homosexual relationships and there were cases of nuns with children, against struct code of the church, but they were not thorough and heavily biased due to the bullying tactics from both Layton and Legh, only checked the corrupt monasteries to argue their statement

  new religious ideas - Erasmus was the leading opposition of the monasteries, protestantism was the only was to go to heaven by individually praying to God, these new ideas influenced Cromwell, yet Henry supported some traditional roles of monasteries, two monasteries were re founded in 1537 for Henry's benefit so he ordered the dissolution

  valor ecclesiasticus - financial motivation, monasteries owned 1/3 of land and a higher income than Henry, with this money Henry would be able to finance wars and have more protection and would no longer need to rely on the parliament for granting taxations, land given as support
• explain the causes of the pilgrimage if grace

  religious - no more monasteries so many were unhappy with the break from Rome and feared that Parish churches would be next, Cromwells visitations were in favour of the dissolution - official inspections carried out which were against struct code of the church, but they were not thorough and heavily biased due to the bullying tactics from both Layton and Legh, only checked the corrupt monasteries to argue their statement

  political - many people argued that Cromwells low birth should be frowned upon as it goes against the hierarchal society, an uprising would increase power in the North as it would weaken Cromwells as he has too much influence and remove him

  social - poor harvests made life difficult as monasteries provided support for the sick, hungry and poor, the work of nuns and monks was significantly important for the whole community
• explain why there was opposition to the reformation

  Sir Thomas Moore - was one of the leading scholars and was a devour catholic, became lord chancellor after Wolsey's death, Henry can not allows this due to fears of him gaining more followers, refused to say the oath of succession and remained quiet and was set to the Tower of London and executed in 1534 under treason act

  Elizabeth Barton - has visions which were problematic to Henry, attacked his plans of annulment and encouraged more protestant ideas, Cromwell was ordered to act and arrested her at Tower of London, Dr Edward Bocking was executed due to 700 copies of a book which favoured her conspiracies

  John Fisher - appointed Bishop of Rochester in 1504, could not support Henry after 1527 as he opposed the break with Rome, charged with treason but appealed, made cardinal in 1534 but Henry was determined to prove that he was encouraging protestant ideas, Fisher was executed for treason in 1535
• explain why Cromwell fell from power in 1540

  Anne of Cleves - marriage was set in place to provide an alliance and help Henry secure a male hierarchy, yet Henry did not find her attractive due to her false image, she was not talented and did not fit into the english court, their marriage was not consummated and Henry had fallen in love with Catherine of Howard,

  new religious ideas - in 1536 the acts of ten articles was issued and only three sacraments were used and it was a partial attempt to move away from catholicism, the clergy were ordered to speak in favour of these articles, this clearly showed that there was a move, but in 1539 Henry published the six articles which was a return to catholicism and ruined Cromwell's work

  Duke of Norfolk - was catholic and disliked the low birth as it went against the hierarchical society, and hates the title of Earl of Essex as he believed that it is not deserving , so Duke if Norfolk spreads rumours that Cromwell is not working hard in the annulment to weaken his position, argues back