respiratory system

• T/F: the trachea is included in the upper respiratory system

  false
• what does the conducting zone do?

  clean air/remove debris, conduct air, add water/moisture, and warm air
• what is the passageway for food, water, and air for breathing

  pharynx
• epiglottis

  stops food and water from getting into the trachea
• anterior to the esophagus and takes air to bronchi

  trachea
• primary gas exchange site

  alveolus
• hyaline cartilage

  keeps airways from collapsing
• what removes mucus from the airways

  ciliates pseudostratified columnar tissue
• what forms the gas exchange surface

  simple squamous epithelial tissue
• most carbon dioxide is transported through the bloodstream in the form of

  bicarbonate
• each primary bronchus branches to

  one lung
• nasal conche

  add turbulence to air flow through respiratorysystem
• how do gases move near the systemic cells

  oxygen out of the blood stream, carbon dioxide into blood stream
• how do gases move at the alveoli

  oxygen into bloodstream, carbon dioxide out of blood stream
• inhalation begins when

  diaphragm contracts
• air that remains in the conducting airways that does not reach exchange site

  dead space
• residual volume

  air that can't expel from lungs even with maximum exhalation
• vital capacity

  total of tidal volume, inspiratory reverse volume, and expiratory reserve volume
• dominant method of carbon dioxide transport

  bicarbonate ions
• dominant signal for breathing

  blood pH
• when blood pH drops, the amount of oxyhemoglobin ___ and oxygen to tissue cells ___

  decreases; increases bc oxygen is coming off the hemoglobin to tissue cells due to pH drop and blood becoming acidic
• most carbon dioxide is transported through the bloodstream the form of

  bicarbonate
• what will cause more oxygen to bind to hemoglobin

  high pH, low CO2 levels
• which part of the respiratory tract sends food and air in different directions

  epiglottis
• when glycolysis happens with oxygen present, ___ molecules of ___ is/are produced

  2 ; pyruvic acid
• if there is no oxygen, then glycolysis sends with a step making lactic acid. The last step


  enables the cell to dispose of the hydrogen generated
• which step of cellular respiration only takes place with oxygen present?

  Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
• which step of cellular respiration directly uses oxygen?

  Electron transport chain
• what is the order of cellular respiration

  glycolysis, formation of acetyl-CoA, Krebs cycle, cytochrome transport
• the energy produced from cellular respiration is produced in the form of

  ATP and heat
• if the temperature is cold you might be expected to thermoregulate by

  restricting circulation of blood to the skin
• proteins are not used as a form of energy storage because of their

  amino groups
• extensive use of lipids for energy can result in the formation of excess

  ketoacids
• which can cause either heat loss or heat gain

  conduction
• the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after the maximum volume has been inhaled is the

  vital capacity
• which is not a function of the upper respiratory tract?

  cooling and drying incoming air