digestive system/metabolism

• catabolism

  chemical reactions that break down complex molecules into smaller (simple) molecules
• anabolism

  turning simple molecules into complex structures
• reduction

  gain (addition) of electrons
• where does glycolysis occur?

  cytosol/cytoplasm
• where does the kerb cycle take place

  mitochondria
• when glycolysis happens without oxygen, you end up with

  2 molecules of lactic acid
• how does the electron transport chain create ATP

  creating electrochemical proton gradient between mitochondrial membranes
• what is the order of cellular respiration

  glycolysis, formation of acetyl-CoA, Krebs cycle, cytochrome transport
• what step of cellular respiration does not require oxygen

  glycolysis
• the energy from cellular respiration comes in the form of

  ATP and heat
• when glycolysis happens with oxygen present ___ molecules of

  ___ are produced

  2; pyruvic acid
• what step of cellular respiration directly uses oxygen

  electron transport chain
• which steps of cellular respiration only takes place with oxygen present

  krebs/citric acid cycle, cytochrome/electron transport chain
• if there is no oxygen, then glycolysis ends with a step making lactic acid. this last step


  enables the cell to dispose of the hydrogen generated
• which step of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?

  electron transport chain
• primary function of the villi in the small intestine

  absorption
• which organ produces bile

  liver
• part of the peritoneum that goes over the transverse colon and coils of the small intestine

  greater omentum
• proteins, carbohydrate, and lipid enzymes are produced by the

  pancreas
• T/F: the stomach produces very low pH fluid

  true
• voluntary phase of deglutition involves

  tongue pushes bolus into pharynx
• 1st portion of the small intestine

  duodenum
• lipids require ___ for digestion

  bile salts
• where does most of the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream take place

  small intestine
• T/F: microbes primarily reside in the large inststine

  true
• what part of the mucosa is made of connective tissue

  lamina propria
• outermost lining of the stomach and intestines

  serosa
• T/F: most mechanical digestion is finished in the stomach

  true
• histology of stomach and intestines

  simple columnar epithelial tissue
• histology of alveoli in lungs

  simple squamous epithelial
• carbohydrate digesting enzymes get produced by the

  salivary glands
• what allows the stomach to stretch

  rugae
• transition from skeletal smooth muscle happens in the

  esophagus
• what type of digestion takes place in the mouth

  mechanical and carbohydrate
• the serosa is part of the

  visceral peritoneum
• proteins first get digested in the

  stomach
• the layer of the digestive tract that secretes substances into the tract is known as the

  mucosa
• what is the correct order of the layers of tissue in the digestive tract

  mucosa, submucosa, muscular, serosa/adventina
• T/F: the liver produces digestive enzymes

  false
• what moves food through the digestive tract

  Peristalsis