States and Properties of Matter

• Properties of Matter


  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• Classification of Matter

  • Pure substance
  • Mixture
• Methods of Separating Components of Mixtures

  • Winnowing
  • Magnetism
  • Sedimentation
  • Decantation
  • Filtration
  • Evaporation
  • Distillation
  • Chromatography
• Matter

  has mass and occupies space
• Mass


  amount of matter present in a sample
• Volume

  measure of the amount of space
• Solid


  • Definite shape and definite volume
• Liquid


  • Indefinite shape, definite volume
• Gas


  • Indefinite shape and indefinite volume
• Distinguishing Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases

  • Volume and Shape
  • Density
  • Compressibility
  • Thermal Expansion
• Density


  Ratio of the mass of an object to the volume occupied by that object
• Compressibility


  Measure of the change in volume resulting from a pressure change
• Thermal Expansion


  Measure of the change in volume resulting from a temperature change
• Physical property


  Characteristic of a substance without changing the basic identity of the substance
• Examples of physical properties

  • Color
  • Odor
  • Physical state
  • Melting point
  • Boiling point
  • Hardness
• Intensive property


  Property that will be the same regardless of the amount of matter
• Examples of intensive properties

  • Density
  • Color
  • Conductivity
  • Malleability
  • Luster
• Extensive property


  Property that will change if the amount of matter changes
• Examples of extensive properties


  • Mass
  • Volume
  • Length
• Chemical property


  Characteristic of a substance that describes the way the substance undergoes or resists change to form a new substance
• Physical change

  substance changes its physical appearance but not its chemical composition
• Chemical change

  a substance undergoes a change in chemical composition
• Pure substance

  Single kind of matter that cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by any physical means
• Element


  Pure substance that cannot be broken down
• Compound


  Pure substance that can be broken down into two or more simpler pure substances by chemical means
• Distinguishing Between Compounds and Mixtures

  • Compounds have properties distinctly different from those of the substances that combined to form the compound
  • Compounds have a definite chemical composition
  • Components of compounds cannot be separated by physical methods; chemical methods are required
  • Mixtures have components that retain their individual properties
  • Mixtures have a variable chemical composition
  • Components of mixtures can be separated by physical methods
• Mixture


  combination of two or more pure substances in which each substance retains its own chemical identity
• Homogeneous mixture


  Mixture that contains only one visibly distinct phase (part)
• Types of solution

  • Solid-solid solution
  • Solid-in-liquid solution
  • Liquid-liquid solution
  • Gas-liquid solution
  • Gas-gas solution
• Heterogeneous mixture


  Mixture that contains visibly different phases (parts), each of which has different properties
• Colloid


  Mixture with particles bigger than those of a solution but smaller than those of suspension, evenly distributed throughout the mixture and remain dispersed without settling
• Different Types of Colloidal Dispersion

  • Aerosol (solid)
  • Aerosol (liquid)
  • Emulsion
  • Foam (solid)
  • Foam (liquid)
  • Sol (solid)
  • Sol (liquid)
• Suspension


  Mixture with particles bigger than those of colloids, containing solid particles which eventually settle after interacting with a solvent-like phase
• Methods of Separating Components of Mixtures

  • Winnowing
  • Magnetism
  • Sedimentation
  • Decantation
  • Filtration
  • Evaporation
  • Distillation
  • Chromatography
• Shape and Volume of Gas


  Expands to fill its container, taking on its shape. Has an indefinite volume.
• Shape and Volume of Liquid


  Retains its own shape. Maintains its definite volume.