FINALS

• Kantian Ethics


  Focuses on the 'good will' and the Categorical Imperative—universal moral laws that must be followed regardless of consequences.
• Rights Theory


  Emphasizes legal vs. moral rights, where legal rights are established by law, and moral rights are based on ethical principles.
• Legal vs. Moral Rights

  Legal rights are enforced by law, while moral rights are based on ethical beliefs.
• Virtue Ethics


  Focuses on happiness (eudaimonia) and virtues as habits that lead to a good life.
• Phronesis


  Practical wisdom that guides moral actions through experience and practice.
• Virtues as Habit


  Virtues are cultivated through consistent practice and lead to moral character.
• Cognitivism vs. Non-Cognitivism


  Cognitivism asserts that moral statements can be true or false, while non-cognitivism denies this.
• Universalism vs. Relativism


  Universalism believes in objective moral standards, whereas relativism holds that moral truths depend on cultural or individual perspectives.
• Culture in Moral Behavior


  Explores how culture shapes moral standards and influences ethical decision-making.
• Cultural Relativism


  The belief that moral values and practices are culturally dependent and not universally applicable.
• Moral Character and Virtues


  A moral agent develops virtues through repeated actions, forming a disposition towards ethical behavior.
• Kohlberg's Theory


  Six stages of moral development, ranging from obedience to universal ethical principles.
• Circular Relation of Acts


  Acts influence character, and character influences acts, forming a continuous cycle.
• Feelings as Instinctive Responses

  Emotions can guide or obstruct moral decisions.
• Ethical Subjectivism & Emotivism


  Ethical subjectivism holds that moral judgments are based on individual feelings; emotivism claims they express emotional attitudes.
• Moral Courage


  The strength to act ethically despite potential personal cost.
• Reason and Impartiality


  Necessary for objective moral reasoning, as highlighted in the 7-step moral reasoning model.
• Moral Pluralism


  Recognizes the coexistence of multiple ethical viewpoints and values.
• Globalization


  Poses ethical challenges like cultural clashes and global business ethics.
• Search for Universal Values


  The ongoing quest for moral principles that transcend cultural differences.
• Ethical Outlook and Identity


  How generational differences shape ethical perspectives.
• Work Ethics & Individualism


  The balance between personal goals and collective responsibilities.
• Secularism and Humanism


  Focuses on human experience and reason as moral foundations, often in conflict with traditional religious values.
• Theistic Ethics


  Justifies moral values and explains moral accountability through belief in a higher power.
• Euthyphro Dilemma


  A philosophical problem questioning whether something is moral because God commands it or if God commands it because it is moral.
• Moral Accountability


  The responsibility to act ethically, often linked to religious beliefs.