Observational techniques

• Naturalistic observation: Watching and recording behaviour in the setting within which it would normally occur.
• Controlled observation: Watching and recording behaviour within a structured environment, variables are managed.
• Covert Observation: Participants behaviour is watched and recorded without their knowledge or consent.
• Overt Observation: Participants behaviour is watched and recorded with their knowledge and consent.
• Participant observation: The researcher becomes a member of the group whose behaviour they are studying.
• Non-participant observation: The researcher remains outside of the group whose behaviour they are studying.
• Example of a controlled experiment:

  Ainsworth's strange situation
• Limitation of observations:

  • Observer bias- Interpretations may be different during observations.
  • cannot demonstrate casual relationships