chap 17 alcohols and carboxylic acids

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What are alcohols classified as in organic chemistry?
Alcohols are a homologous series of organic compounds.
What functional group do alcohols contain?
Alcohols contain the hydroxyl (–OH) functional group.
What elements do alcohols contain?
Alcohols contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
What is the general molecular formula for alcohols?
The general molecular formula for alcohols is $C_nH_{2n+1}OH$ .
How do the boiling points of alcohols compare to those of corresponding alkanes?
Alcohols have higher boiling points than corresponding alkanes.
What are the physical properties of common alcohols?
Methanol: liquid, very soluble, boiling point 65°C
Ethanol: liquid, very soluble, boiling point 78°C
Propanol: liquid, soluble, boiling point 97°C
Butanol: liquid, slightly soluble, boiling point 118°C
What trend is observed in the solubility of alcohols as molecular size increases?
Solubility decreases as molecular size increases.
What trend is observed in the boiling points of alcohols as molecular size increases?
Boiling point increases as molecular size increases.
Why do boiling points increase with molecular size in alcohols?
Forces of attraction between molecules increase.
What does oxidation refer to in the context of alcohols?
Oxidation refers to the gain of oxygen.
What is a common oxidizing agent used for oxidizing alcohols?
A common oxidizing agent is acidified potassium manganate (VII).
What color change occurs when alcohols are oxidized with potassium manganate (VII)?
The color changes from purple to colorless.
What happens to alcohols with terminal –OH groups when oxidized?
They are oxidized to carboxylic acids.
What is the equation for the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid?
The equation is $CH_3CH_2OH(aq) +$ $O_2(g) \rightarrow CH_3COOH(aq) +$ $H_2O(l)$ .
How is ethanol produced from fermentation?
Ethanol is produced from the fermentation of carbohydrates in fruits, vegetables, or grain.
What is the process of alcohol fermentation?
Alcohol fermentation is when microorganisms such as yeast act on carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.
What is the equation for the fermentation of glucose to produce ethanol?
The equation is $C_6H_{12}O_6(aq) \rightarrow 2C_2H_5OH(aq) +$ $2CO_2(g)$ .
What are the steps in the fermentation of ethanol in the laboratory?
Glucose solution is mixed with yeast and kept at 37°C.
Carbon dioxide is produced, causing frothing and a white precipitate in limewater.
A dilute solution of ethanol (15% alcohol) is produced; higher concentrations can kill yeast.
Ethanol can be extracted by fractional distillation.
Why must fermentation occur in the absence of oxygen?
Fermentation must occur in the absence of oxygen to prevent the production of ethanoic acid.
What happens if the temperature exceeds 37°C during fermentation?
If the temperature exceeds 37°C, the enzymes will be denatured and fermentation will stop.
What is the general molecular formula for carboxylic acids?
The general molecular formula for carboxylic acids is $C_nH_{2n+1}COOH$ .
What functional group do carboxylic acids contain?
Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl (–COOH) functional group.
How do the names of carboxylic acids end?
The names of carboxylic acids end with ‘–oic acid’.
What are the physical properties of common carboxylic acids?
Methanoic Acid: boiling point 65°C
Ethanoic Acid: boiling point 78°C
Propanoic Acid: boiling point 97°C
Butanoic Acid: boiling point 118°C
Carboxylic acids are very soluble in water.
How do the boiling points of carboxylic acids compare to those of corresponding alcohols and hydrocarbons?
Carboxylic acids have higher boiling points than corresponding alcohols and hydrocarbons.
What trend is observed in the boiling points of carboxylic acids as molecular size increases?
Boiling points increase as molecular size increases.
What is the pH range of carboxylic acids, indicating their acidity?
The pH range of carboxylic acids is 5–6, indicating they are weak acids.
What happens to ethanol when it is oxidized by atmospheric oxygen? 
Ethanol is oxidized to ethanoic acid by certain bacteria in the air.
What is the equation for the oxidation of ethanol by atmospheric oxygen?
The equation is $CH_3CH_2OH(aq) +$ $O_2(g) \rightarrow CH_3COOH(aq) +$ $H_2O(l)$ .
What occurs when alcoholic drinks are left exposed to air for a few days?
Alcoholic drinks turn sour due to the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid.
What is the role of potassium manganate (VII) in the oxidation of ethanol?
Potassium manganate (VII) acts as an oxidizing agent and is reduced during the reaction.
What color change occurs with potassium manganate (VII) during the oxidation of ethanol?
The color changes from purple to colorless.
What type of reaction occurs during the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid?
A redox reaction occurs during the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid.
What are alcohols classified as in organic chemistry?
Alcohols are a homologous series of organic compounds.
What functional group do alcohols contain?
Alcohols contain the hydroxyl (–OH) functional group.
What elements do alcohols contain?
Alcohols contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
What is the general molecular formula for alcohols?
The general molecular formula for alcohols is $C_nH_{2n+1}OH$ .
How do the boiling points of alcohols compare to those of corresponding alkanes?
Alcohols have higher boiling points than corresponding alkanes.
What are the physical properties of common alcohols?
Methanol: liquid, very soluble, boiling point 65°C
Ethanol: liquid, very soluble, boiling point 78°C
Propanol: liquid, soluble, boiling point 97°C
Butanol: liquid, slightly soluble, boiling point 118°C
What trend is observed in the solubility of alcohols as molecular size increases?
Solubility decreases as molecular size increases.