MIDTERMS

• Anton van Leeuwenhoek


  Dutch microbiologist, Father of Microbiology, Utilized pond water and scrapings from his teeth
• Robert Hooke


  English scientist, Coined the term "cell", Invented the simplest microscope through illumination principle, Father of medical microbiology
• Types of Microscopes

  • Simple Microscope
  • Compound Microscope
  • Electron Microscope
• Simple Microscope


  • Simplest type, Uses concave mirror, Does not contain lamp source
• Compound Microscope


  • Routine microscope for clinical use, Uses two sets of lenses to obtain higher magnification, Can or cannot contain own lamp source
• Electron Microscope


  • Most advanced, Used for quality control and failure analysis, Used mainly with microorganisms
• Mechanical Parts of Microscope

  • Foot/Base
  • Pillar
  • Arm
  • Body tube
  • Stage
  • Stage clips
  • Inclination joint
  • Diaphragm
  • Nosepiece
  • Knobs
• Illuminating & Magnification Parts of Microscope

  • Lens/ocular lens
  • Objectives (Scanner, LPO, HPO, OIO)
  • Mirror
  • Lamp
• Scanner Objective


  Adds 4x to the total magnification
• Low Power Objective (LPO)


  Adds 10x to the total magnification
• High Power Objective (HPO)


  Used for specimen that requires greater magnification, Adds 40x to the total magnification
• Oil-Immersion Objectives (OIO)


  Used for extremely small specimens, Adds 100x to the total magnification
• Ocular Lens/Eyepiece


  Lens that is closest to the eyes, Can be 5x or 10x magnification
• Body Tube


  Part of microscope that houses the oculars/eyepiece
• Revolving Nosepiece


  Turret-like circular mechanism that holds the objective lenses
• Stage


  Rectangular platform that exhibits the specimen
• Stage Clips


  Mechanism that keeps the slides in place
• Lamp/Light Source


  Main illuminating mechanism and can be separated or incorporated in the microscope
• Condenser


  Concentrates light that can be found between stage and lamp
• Types of Diaphragm

  • Iris Diaphragm
  • Disk Diaphragm
• Iris Diaphragm


  Constricts or dilates
• Disk Diaphragm


  Rotating disk with holes of different diameters
• Arm


  Bar that supports the upper assembly of the microscope
• Base


  Square or horseshoe-shaped structure that supports the microscope
• Pivot


  Allows that upper assembly to move in more comfortable viewing position
• Types of Knobs

  • Course Adjustment
  • Fine Adjustment
• Course Adjustment


  Adjusts the distance between the objectives and stage, Used with lower objectives
• Fine Adjustment


  Used for sharp and fine focusing of the objects, Used in higher objectives
• Other Materials

  • Glass Slides
  • Coverslips/Cover Glass
  • Lens Cleaning Solution
  • Lens Cleaning Paper
  • Stains
• Wet Mount Slide


  Slide on which a wet specimen is placed, then covered with a coverslip
• Staining Process

  1. Place the specimen in the slide

  2. Put the stain in the specimen and let it dry

  3. Put some coverslip carefully to avoid air bubbles

  4. Absorb excess fluid using the liquid absorbing paper
• Microorganisms


  • Kingdom Protista has been divided into two groups: prokaryotes and eukaryotes
  • Blue-green algae are prokaryotes
  • Fungi, other algae, slime molds and protozoa are eukaryotes
  • Are ubiquitous
  • Bacteria and fungi are the most numerous
• Bacteria


  Prokaryotic microorganism that do not contain chlorophyll, Unicellular and do not show true branching except actinomycetal
• Three Domains


  • Bacteria (microscopic)
  • Archaea (microscopic)
  • Eukarya (microscopic and macroscopic)
• Parfocal


  The ability of microscope to stay in focus when switching between objectives
• Working Distance


  The distance between the objective lens and specimen stage
• Field of View


  Size of the area visible through a microscope at once, As the magnification increases, the microscope field of view would be smaller
• Micrometer


  Tool for measuring distances or changes on microscope
• Types of Culture Media

  • Agar plate
  • Agar deep tube
  • Birth
  • Agar slant
• Classification of Culture Media

  • Supportive (BHI, Nutrient agar)
  • Enriched (SBA/BAP, CAP, Gram-Negative Broth)
  • Selective (HEA, MAC, PEA agar, TMA, XLD agar)
  • Differential (SBA/BAP, HEA, MAC, PEA agar, XLD agar)