BIOLOGY

• 4 types of biomolecules: carbohydrate, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
• carbohydrate building block - monosaccharides
• proteins building block - amino acids
• lipids building block - fatty acids, glycerol
• nucleic acids - nucleotides
• carbohydrates examples - starch, cellulose
• proteins example - enzymes, hormones
• lipids examples - steroids, fats
• nucleic acid examples- DNA, RNA
• DNA sugar back bone: deoxyribose sugar
• RNA sugar backbone: ribose
• modern cell theory

  1. cell is the most basic unit of life
  2. all organisms are made up of cells
  3. all cells arise from other cells
  4. all cells have similar biomolecules and biochemical reactions
  5. all cells contain genetic material which is passed on from one cell to another
  6. all chemical and physiological processes in the body happen in the cell
• cell membrane - cell communication and transport
• genetic material - storage of genetic information
• ribosomes - protein synthesis
• nucleus - command center
• golgi apparatus - transportation of proteins and other cellular components
• endoplasmic reticulum - protein synthesis and lipid production
• mitochondria - ATP synthesis
• lysosome - cellular digestion
• chloroplast - organelle used for photosynthesis
• vacuole - storage of food and other cellular components
• cell wall - structural support, protection, controls cell transportation
• centrioles - production of spindle fibers during cell division
• organelles present only in prokaryotes

  • nucleoid region
  • capsule
  • plasmid - extra, circular DNA
  • pilli
• Organelles present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

  • ribosomes
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
  • genetic material
• unique organelle in animal cell - centriole
• unique organelle in plant cell - chloroplast, plasmodesma, cell wall
• metabolism consists of - anabolism and catabolism
• anabolism - building up
• catabolism - breaking down
• metabolism - general term for all chemical reactions of a cell
• steps in photosynthesis

  1. light-dependent reactions
  2. light-independent reactions / calvin cycle
• light-dependent reactions - conversion of light energy and water to chemical energy and oxygen

  
• calvin cycle - formation of carbohydrate molecules from carbon dioxide using the chemical energy produced from light-dependent chemical reactions

  
• photosynthesis

  CO2+H2O --sunlight,chlorophyll--> C6H12O6+O2
• respiration

  C6H12O6 + O2 ----> CO2 + H2O + energy
• steps in respiration (GOCO)

  1. glycolysis
  2. oxidation of pyruvate
  3. citric acid/ TCA/ krebs cycle
  4. oxidative phosphorylation
• glycolysis - conversion of glucose to pyruvate
• oxidation of pyruvate - conversion of pyrovate to acetyl CoA