AP1_1

• Anatomy


  Scientific discipline that investigates the body's structures and examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function
• Developmental anatomy


  Studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood
• Embryology


  Subspecialty of developmental anatomy that considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development
• Cytology


  Examines the structural features of cells
• Histology


  Examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them
• Gross anatomy


  Study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope
• Physiology


  The scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things to understand and predict the body's responses to stimuli and to understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in a constantly changing environment
• Cell physiology


  Examines the processes occurring in cells
• Systemic physiology


  Considers the functions of organ systems
• Neurophysiology


  Focuses on the nervous system
• Cardiovascular physiology


  Deals with the heart and blood vessels
• Pathology


  The medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from disease
• Levels of organization of the human body

  • Chemical level
  • Cell level
  • Tissue level
  • Organ level
  • Organ system level
  • Organism level
• Chemical level


  Involves interactions between atoms, which are tiny building blocks of matter
• Cell level


  Cells are the basic structural and functional units of plants and animals. Molecules combine to form organelles (little organs), which are the small structures inside cells
• Four basic tissue types

  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
• Organ level


  An organ is composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions
• 11 major organ systems

  • Integumentary
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
  • Endocrine
  • Cardiovascular
  • Lymphatic
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Urinary
  • Reproductive
• Organism level


  An organism is any living thing considered as a whole—whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human
• Functions of organ systems

  • Integumentary: Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, helps produce vitamin D
  • Skeletal: Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, stores minerals and adipose
  • Muscular: Produces body movements, maintains posture, produces body heat
  • Lymphatic: Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract
  • Respiratory: Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air, regulates blood pH
  • Digestive: Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion and absorption of nutrients, elimination of wastes
  • Nervous: Detects sensations, controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions
  • Endocrine: Influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions
  • Cardiovascular: Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body, plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature
  • Urinary: Removes waste products from the blood, regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance
  • Female Reproductive: Produces oocytes, site of fertilization and fetal development, produces milk for the newborn, produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors
  • Male Reproductive: Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female, produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors
• Organization


  Refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions. Living things are highly organized
• Metabolism


  Refers to all of the chemical reactions taking place in the cells and internal environment of an organism. It includes an organism's ability to break down food molecules, which the organism uses as a source of energy and raw materials to synthesize its own molecules
• Responsiveness


  An organism's ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes
• Growth


  Refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism
• Development


  Includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death. It usually involves growth, but it also involves differentiation and morphogenesis
• Reproduction


  The formation of new cells or new organisms
• Homeostasis


  The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body. To achieve homeostasis, the body must actively regulate conditions that are constantly changing
• Types of feedback mechanisms

  • Negative feedback: The response to the original stimulus results in deviation from the set point, becoming smaller
  • Positive feedback: The response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater
• Many disease states result from the failure of negative-feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis
• Some positive-feedback mechanisms can be detrimental instead of helpful
• Foramen


  Latin word for "hole"
• Magnum


  Latin word for "large"
• Foramen magnum


  A large hole in the skull through which the spinal cord attaches to the brain
• • itis


  Means an inflammation
• Appendicitis


  Inflammation of the appendix
• Anatomical position


  Standing position, whereby the person looks forward. Arms are by the side with the palms facing forward, the fingers extended, with the thumbs pointing away from the body, the feet are spaced slightly apart with the toes pointing forward
• Supine


  When lying, face upward
• Prone


  When lying, face downward
• • itis


  Means an inflammation
• Anatomical position


  • Standing position, whereby the person looks forward
  • Arms are by the side
  • Palms facing forward
  • Fingers extended
  • Thumbs pointing away from the body
  • Feet spaced slightly apart
  • Toes pointing forward