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• Jose Rizal

  Full name: Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda<|>Born: June 19, 1861 in Calamba, Laguna<|>First teacher: His mother (Teodora Alonzo)<|>Studied at Ateneo de Manila, University of Santo Tomas, Universidad Central of Madrid, University of Berlin, Leipzig and Heidelberg<|>Died by musketry on December 30, 1896 on charges of sedition and rebellion against the Spaniards<|>Pen-names: Laong Laan and Dimasalang
• Marcelo H. Del Pilar


  Popularly known for his pen names: Plaridel, Pupdoh, Piping Dilat, Dolores Manapat<|>Born: August 30, 1850 in Cupang, San Nicolas, Bulacan<|>Studied at San Jose, University of Santo Tomas<|>Established the Diariong Tagalog in 1882<|>Forced to travel to Spain in 1888 to avoid banishment
• Graciano Lopez Jaena


  A most notable hero and genius of the Philippines<|>Born: December 18, 1856<|>Died: January 20, 1896<|>The pride of Jaro, Iloilo<|>Wrote 100 speeches published by Remigio Garcia<|>Left the Philippines in 1887 with the help of his rich uncle Don Claudio Lopez to escape punishment from his enemies<|>Arrived in Valencia, the center of the Republican movement of the Spaniards<|>Moved to Barcelona where he established the first magazine LA SOLIDARIDAD
• Rizal's Works

  • Noli Me Tangere
  • El Filibusterismo
  • Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell)
  • Sobre La Indolencia De Los Filipinos (On the Indolence of the Filipinos)
  • Filipinas Dentro De Cien Anos (The Philippines within a Century)
  • A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth)
  • El Consejo de Los Dioses (The Council of Gods)
  • Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig River)
  • Me Piden Versos (You asked me for Verses)
  • A Las Flores de Heidelberg (To the Flowers of Heidelburg)
  • Notas a la Obra Sucesos de las Filipinas for El Dr. Antonio de Morga (Notes on Philippine Events by Dr. Antonio de Morga)
  • P. Jacinto: Memorias de Un Estudiante de Manila (P.Jacinto: Memoirs of a Student of Manila)
  • Diario de Viaje De Norte America (Diary of a Voyage to North America)
• Del Pilar's Works

  • Pag-ibig sa tinubuang Lupa
  • Kaingat kayo
  • Dasalan at Tocsohan
• The American Colonial Period (1898 – 1945) saw Philippine literature in Spanish starting to lose its track in the first decade
• During the American Colonial Period, Philippine literature in English was used to claim freedom from the colonizers
• Short story writers in English like Manuel Arguilla in his "A Son is Born" were one of the foundations of Philippine literature, not in Tagalog or in Spanish
• During the American Colonial Period, poetry in English was also founded
• During the Japanese Period (1941 - 1945), Philippine literature in English came to a halt, except for the Tribune and Phil. Review
• Common themes in Philippine literature during the Japanese Period

  • Nationalism
  • Country
  • Love
  • Life in the barrios
  • Faith
  • Religion
  • Arts
• Types of poems during the Japanese Period

  • Haiku
  • Tanaga
  • Karaniwang Anyo
• The Contemporary Period (1946 - present) saw the revival of Philippine literature in Tagalog, with most themes dealing with Japanese brutalities, poverty, and brave guerilla exploits
• Periods of Philippine literature in the Contemporary Period

  • Period of Activism (1970-1972)
  • Period of the New Society (1972-1980)
  • Period of the Third Republic (1981-1985)
• Period of Activism (1970-1972)

  Youth activism due to domestic and worldwide causes, seeking reforms and demanding change in the government
• Period of the New Society (1972-1980)


  Themes dealt with the development or progress of the country, such as the Green Revolution, family planning, proper nutrition, environment, drug addiction, and pollution. The New Society tried to stop pornography and temporarily stopped school newspapers.
• Period of the Third Republic (1981-1985)

  Filipino poetry was romantic and revolutionary, with writers openly criticizing the government. Filipino songs dealt with themes of grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of God, country, and fellowmen.