PPREGNANCY

• Human Life Span


  Maximum length of time possible for human life
• The amounts of nutrients needed differ in the human life cycle, the body constantly changes and goes through different periods known as stages
• Major Stages of the Human Life Cycle

  • Pregnancy
  • Infancy
  • Toddler
  • Childhood
  • Puberty
  • Adolescence
  • Adulthood
  • Middle Age
  • Senior years or Old Age
• Pregnancy


  The development of a zygote into an embryo and then into a fetus in preparation for childbirth
• Infancy


  The earliest part of childhood, the period from birth through age one
• Toddler


  Occur during ages two and three and are the end of early childhood
• Childhood


  Takes place from ages four to eight
• Puberty


  The period from ages nine to thirteen, which is the beginning of adolescence
• Adolescence


  The stage that takes place between the ages of fourteen and eighteen
• Adulthood


  The period from adolescence and begins at age nineteen
• Middle Age


  The period of adulthood that stretches from age thirty-one to fifty
• Senior years or Old Age


  Extend age from fifty-one until the end of life
• Good nutrition is vital for any pregnancy. It helps an expectant mother to remain healthy; impacts the development of the fetus and ensures that the baby thrives in infancy and beyond
• During pregnancy, a woman's needs increase for certain nutrients more than others
• Low birth weight infant

  A birth weight less than 2,500 grams is a development problem

  
• Underweight


  Risk of low-birth-weight infant, higher rates of preterm deaths and infant deaths

  
• Overweight and Obesity


  Risk of hypertension, gestational diabetes and postpartum infections, complications of labor and delivery, large fetuses cause difficult labor and delivery, birth trauma and Cesarean
• Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)


  Measure of the amount of energy expressed in calories, that your body needs to maintain basic physiological functions at rest
• Fetal growth and development

  Increase the BMR by 5% during 1st trimester and 12% during 2nd and 3rd trimester, increasing the total energy requirement
• Gastrointestinal changes cause nausea, constipation and vomiting. Later trimester = absorption of nutrients like vitamin B12, Iron, and calcium increases to meet increased needs of the mother and fetus
• Blood volume increases so as to carry nutrients to the fetus and metabolic waste away from the fetus. Increase in blood volume lowers plasma proteins, hemoglobin, and other blood constituents
• Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)


  Increase from 6-14%
• Calorie Intake


  Increased in 10-20%
• Energy Requirement


  • 1st Trimester: 2000-2200 kcal
  • 2nd Trimester: 2200 kcal/day +340 kcal/day
  • 3rd Trimester: 220 kcal/day +450 kcal/day
• Fluids


  2.3 liters (about 10 cups) of liquids per day
• Carbohydrates


  175 to 265 grams per day to fuel fetal brain development, help in the development of placenta, supply energy for the growth of the fetus
• Protein


  71 grams per additional protein is required for growth of fetus, development of placenta, enlargement of maternal tissues, increased maternal blood volume, formation of amniotic fluid, protein reserves prepare the mother for labor, delivery, and lactation. Additional 15g of protein is required 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy
• Fats


  The fat (Omega-3 fatty acid) requirement during pregnancy is 300mg/day. Omega-3 fatty acid like DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) is essential for brain development and prevents preterm births, reduces the incidence of heart diseases and heart disease related deaths in infants, fatty acids are important during pregnancy because they support the baby's brain and eye development
• Calcium


  RDA during pregnancy is 1g. Growth and development of bones as well as teeth of the fetus, decreases risk of hypertension, pre-eclampsia in mothers, low birth weights, and chronic hypertension in newborns, maintaining bone strength, proper muscle contraction, blood clotting
• Fiber


  25 to 30 grams of dietary fiber per day. Insoluble Fiber: natural laxative, which softens stools and speeds the elimination of waste material through the colon to avoid constipation. Soluble Fiber: lower blood-cholesterol levels and regulate blood glucose
• Iron


  Expansion of maternal tissues including the red blood cell mass, maintaining additional iron content of placenta, building the iron stores in fetal liver, compensate blood loss during delivery

  
• Vitamin Requirement During Pregnancy


  • Vitamin A (600 µg/d retinol)
  • Vitamin D (5 µg/d)
  • Vitamin K
  • Vitamin B12 (1.2 µg/d)
  • Vitamin C (60mg/d)
  • Vitamin B6 (2.5mg/d)
  • Vitamin B1 ((+0.2mg/d), B2 (+0.2 mg/d), B3(+2mg/d)
• Coffee


  Should be avoided during pregnancy as it can cross the placenta and enter fetal circulation, increases the risk of miscarriages, premature deliveries and small for date infants
• Smoking


  Results in placental abnormalities and fetal damage, including premature and low birth weights, impairs oxygen and nutrient transport through the placenta due to reduced blood flow
• Alcohol


  Causes low birth weight infants and growth retardation, impaired fetal central and nervous system performance including growth retardation
• Drugs


  Lead to poor prenatal weight gain, very short or prolonged labor and other perinatal problems

  
• Nausea and Vomiting


  Nausea: the feeling of a need to vomit, occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy, a.k.a "Morning Sickness"
• Management of Nausea and Vomiting

  1. Eat dry crackers or dry toast before rising

  2. Eat small, frequent meals

  3. Avoid foods with offensive odors

  4. Drink fluids after meals not during meals
• Hyperemesis Gravidarum


  A severe form of nausea and vomiting, prolonged vomiting which can result in dehydration, life-threatening
• Management of Hyperemesis Gravidarum

  1. Hospitalization

  2. Parenteral nutrition: given nutrients via a vein