Cardiovascular System

• Cardiovascular System


  The system that circulates blood and lymph through the body, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph, and the lymphatic vessels and glands
• Heart


  • Located in the thoracic cavity between lungs
• Mediastinum


  Midline partition formed by heart, trachea, esophagus and associated structures
• Apex


  The blunt, rounded point of the cone
• Base


  The larger, flat portion at the opposite end of the cone
• Pericardial cavity


  A space that surrounds the heart
• Parietal Pericardium


  Portion of serous pericardium lining the fibrous pericardium
• Visceral Pericardium


  Portion covering the heart surface
• Pericardial Fluid


  Produced by the serous pericardium that helps reduce friction as the heart moves within the pericardial
• Coronary Sulcus


  Extends around the heart, separating the atria from ventricle
• Coronary Arteries


  Supply blood to the wall of the heart
• Cardiac Veins


  Carry blood from the wall of the heart back to the right atrium
• Blood


  Provides important nourishment to all body organs and tissues and carries away waste materials
• Plasma


  A yellowish liquid the contains RBC, WBC, Platelets, waster products and other substances
• Hematopoiesis


  The process of blood cell production
• Stem cells


  In which all the formed elements of blood are derived from
• Platelets


  Also called thrombocytes. They are produced in the red bone marrow from megakaryocytes, which are large cells. Small fragments of megakaryocytes break off and enter the platelets, which play an important role in preventing blood loss
• Transfusion


  The transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another
• Infusion


  The introduction of fluid other than blood, such as saline or glucose solution, into the blood
• Agglutination


  Formed when antibodies bind to the antigens on the surface of the red blood cells. It is clumping of the cells
• Arteries


  Carry blood away from heart; have thick walls to withstand pressure from the heart
• Veins


  Carry blood towards heart; have one-way valves to prevent blood from flowing back
• Capillaries


  Like arteries and veins; thin enough to allow diffusion of oxygen and nutrients
• Interatrial Septum


  A cardiac muscle that separates the two atria
• Interventricular Septum


  Separates the two ventricle
• Tricuspid Valve


  The AV between the right atrium and the right ventricle and has three cusps
• Bicuspid Valve/Mitral Valve


  The AV between the left atrium and the left ventricle and has two cus
• Epicardium (Visceral Pericardium)


  A thin serous membrane forming the smooth outer surface of the heart
• Myocardium


  Is composed of muscle cells and is responsible for the ability of the heart to contract
• Endocardium


  Allows blood to move easily through the heart
• Stroke Volume


  Is the volume of blood pumped per ventricle each time the heart contracts
• Heart Rate


  Is the number of times the heart contracts each minute
• Blood Vessels


  A tubular structure carrying blood through the tissues and organs
• Cardiac Muscle Cells


  Elongated branching cells that contain one, or occasionally two, centrally located nuclei
• Intercalated Discs


  Specialized cell-to-cell contacts that binds the cells end-to-end and laterally adjacent cells
• Gap Junctions


  Specialized cell membrane structure in the intercalated disk that reduce electrical resistance between the cells, allowing action potentials to pass easily from one cell to adjacent cells
• Cardiac Cycle

  1. Atria Systole

  2. Ventricular Systole

  3. Atrial Diastole

  4. Ventricular Diastole
• Cardiac Output


  Is the volume of blood pumped by either ventricle of the heart each minute
• Vasoconstriction


  Contraction of the smooth muscle in the blood vessels
• Vasodilation


  Relaxation of the smooth muscle in the blood vessels