Bioethics

• Justice

  The right of every people to get proper healthcare service
• Nonmalifecence

  "One ought not inflict evil or harm"
• Autonomy

  A patient refuse to get vaccinated even after knowing its effectivity and benefit.
• Beneficence

  "One ought to remove evil or harm; one ought to do and promote good"
• Nonmalifecence

  Refusing to provide a treatment that is not known to be effective or lacks further studies of its safety
• Internal Auditing

  The combination of bioethics and new data
• Structure

  critical examination of judgements
• Ethical Guidance

  offers ethical guidance in a particular field of human conduct
• Inter-disciplinary Approach

  ethical reasoning and decision making
• The code of Hammurabi

  First written laws in the world (282 laws).

  physician succeeds, he gets paid. If he fails, at worst he loses his hands.
• Hippocratic Oath

  Laws with regard to healing the sick
• The Oath of Asaph in Judaism

  Oldest Hebrew medical text, written by a Hebrew physician from Syria
• Quran & Sunnah

  • human life is sacred
  • saving of one life is saving the life of all of humanity
• Thomas Percival

  • physician who drew up a pamphlet with the code in 1794
  • medical ethics
• Ethics

  individual’s actions with other individuals and within society.
• Laws

  Societal rules or regulations that are obligatory to observe
• Bioethics

  study of ethical, social, and legal issues that arise in biomedicine and biomedical research
• Morals

  individual believe to be right and good.
• Laws

  tension, agitation and conflict by dramatic situations.
• can cover a wide variety of dilemmas

  • focuses on ethical issues
  • medical ethics, animal ethics and environmental ethics
• overlapping concerns

  • diverse fields of study
• patient's trust in the medical profession is justified

  The patient's welfare is paramount in health-care ethics
• encompasses medical ethics and the study of balancing benefits, harm, and duties.

  impacts both patients and health professionals.
• rights and responsibilities of patients as persons

  medical care, researches and overall community
• gives emphasis on critical thinking

  evaluating concepts, positions, and arguments.
• shaping policy changes and legislation
• Bioethics

  • a native American product.
  • reactive response’ to biomedicine’s technology advances
• International bioethics

  began more then a decade
• CIA sprayed:

  • whooping cough virus on Tampa Bay
  • 12 people died.
• The Navy

  sprayed bacterial pathogens of pneumonia in San Francisco
• The Army

  released millions of mosquitoes in the hope they would spread yellow fever and

  dengue fever upon Savannah, GA, and Avon Park, FL
• Beaumont's Code (United States) 1833:

  experimental treatments when all else fails. Get voluntary, informed consent.
• Walter Reed (United States) 1898:

  • Introduces written consent “contracts”.
  • Allows healthy

  human subjects in medical experiments.
• Berlin Code, or Prussian Code (Germany) 1900:

  No medical experiments when subject not

  competent to give informed consent,
• Reich Circular (Germany) 1932

  Concerned with consent and well-being of the subjects.
• ancient Egypt, Maat

  • promoted truth, balance, and harmony
  • ensure orderly conduct and societal stability.
• ancient India, the Vedas and Upanishads

  foundational texts of Hindu philosop
• Buddhist ethics,

  emphasized compassion, non-violence, and the quest for enlightenment
• ancient China, Confucianism

  emphasizing moral conduct and self-cultivation through virtuous actions
• Daoism

  taught that human behavior should align with the natural order of the universe