UTILITIES 2 LESSON 1 (PLUMBING FUDAMENTALS)

• Plumbing


  Any system that conveys fluid for a wide range of applications using pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks, and other apparatuses
• Plumbing


  • Heating and cooling (HVAC)
  • Waste removal
  • Potable water delivery
• Water supply system


  Piping and fittings that supply hot and cold water from the building water supply to the fixtures
• Sanitary drainage system


  Piping and fittings required to take water supplied to the fixtures out of the building and into the sewer line or disposal field
• Wastewater treatment system


  Component of waste disposal from building plumbing systems, including septic or on-site sewage treatment (OSST) systems
• Plumbing system


  Network of pipes, fittings, and valves that carry and control flow of supply water and wastewater to and from points of use known as fixtures
• Fixtures


  Components, receptacles, or pieces of equipment that use water and dispose of wastewater at the point of water use
• Fittings


  Used to connect lengths of pipe in the piping network
• Valves


  Used to regulate or control flow of water
• Water


  Liquid compound H2O
• Under standard atmospheric pressure (14.696 psi, 101.4 kPa), the boiling point temperature of water is 212°F (100°C)
• The temperature at which water boils decreases with lower atmospheric or system pressure and increases at higher pressures
• Specific weight (density)


  Water density varies with temperature, most dense at 39°F (4°C), below this temperature crystals form increasing volume and decreasing density, 62.42 lb/ft3 (1.00 kg/L) at 39°F (4°C), 62.2 lb/ft3 (0.996 kg/L) at 80°F (27°C), 62.4 lb/ft3 (1.00 kg/L) commonly used for engineering computations
• Specific gravity


  Ratio of the specific weight of a fluid or solid to the specific weight of water at 39°F (4°C), assumed to be 1.0 at common plumbing system temperatures
• Volume


  Amount of space occupied by a substance, expressed in cubic inches (in3), cubic feet (ft3), cubic meters (m3), liters (L), or gallons (g or gal)
• Volumetric flow rate


  Volume of a substance that passes a point in a system per unit of time, expressed in liters per second (L/s), liters per minute (L/min), cubic meters per second (m3/s), cubic feet per second (cfs or ft3/s), cubic feet per minute (cfm or ft3/min), gallons per second (gps or g/s), and gallons per minute (gpm or g/min)
• Velocity


  Average velocity of a fluid flowing through a pipe, calculated using volumetric flow rate and cross-sectional area or inside diameter, expressed in ft/s or m/s
• Pressure


  Force per unit area exerted by liquid or gas on a surface, expressed in pounds per square inch (psi), pounds per square foot (psf), or Pascals (Pa)
• Standard atmospheric pressure


  Typical barometric pressure of air at sea level and 70°F (21°C), equal to 14.696 psia (101 325 Pa)
• Gauge pressure


  Pressure of a fluid excluding pressure exerted by the atmosphere
• Absolute pressure


  Pressure of a fluid including pressure exerted by the atmosphere, Pa = Ps + Pg
• Static pressure


  Pressure that exists without any flow, the pressure available at a location in the system
• Residual pressure


  Pressure available at a fixture or outlet during a period of maximum demand, after pressure losses from friction, elevation change, and other losses are subtracted
• Discharge pressure


  Pressure of the water at the point of discharge, such as at the mouth of a showerhead, faucet, or hose bibb