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• Health education


  Holistic process with intellectual, psychological and social dimension relating to activities that increase the abilities of people to make informed decisions that affect their personal, family, and community well-being
• Health education


  Process which affects changes in the health practices of people and lifestyle
• WHO: 'Health education, like general education, is concerned with changes in knowledge of people. In its most usual forms, it concentrates on developing such health practices as are believed to bring the best possible state of well - being'
• Health education


  The process of changing people's knowledge, skills and attitudes for health promotion and risk reduction
• Health education


  Empowers people so that they are able to achieve optimum level health and prevent diseases by bringing about lifestyle changes and reducing exposure to health risks in the environment
• Patient education


  Process of assisting to learn health related behaviors that they can incorporate into everyday life with the goal of achieving optimal health and independence of self-care
• Patient education


  Any set of planned educational activities using a combination of methods (teaching, counseling, and behavioral modification), that is designed to improve patient's knowledge and health behaviors
• Florence Nightingale


  • Founder of modern nursing, developed the first school of nursing, devoted a large portion of her career to teaching nurses, physicians, and health officials about the importance of proper conditions in hospitals and homes to improve the health of people
  • Emphasized the importance of teaching patients the need for adequate nutrition, fresh air, exercise, and personal hygiene to improve their well-being
• By the early 1900s, public health nurses in the United States clearly understood the significance of the role of the nurse as teacher in preventing disease and in maintaining the health of society
• Patient teaching has been recognized as an independent nursing function
• As early as 1918, the NLNE in the United States, now known as the National League for Nursing (NLN), observed the importance of health teaching as a function within the scope of nursing practice
• By 1950, the NLNE had identified course content in nursing school curricula to prepare nurses to assume the role
• The key to the success of our profession is for nurses to teach other nurses
• Another very important role of the nurse as educator is serving as a clinical instructor for students in the practice setting. Many staff nurses function as clinical preceptors and mentors to ensure that nursing students meet their expected learning outcomes
• Benefits of effective patient education, teaching, and learning

  • Increase consumer satisfaction
  • Improve quality of life
  • Ensure continuity of care
  • Decrease patient anxiety
  • Effectively reduce the complications of illness and the incidence of disease
  • Promote adherence to treatment plans
  • Maximize independence in the performance of activities of daily living
  • Energize and empower consumers to become actively involved in the planning of their care
• Nurse as educator


  • Must have solid foundation in the principles of teaching
  • Recognize the theories in nursing and educational psychology
• Nursing and educational psychology theories

  • Dorothea Orem's self care theory
  • Betty Neuman's system model theory
  • Jean Watson's theory of human caring
  • Patricia Benner's Novice to Expert theory
  • Cognitive and Social learning theories
• Teacher-centered approach


  Transmitter of content, giver of information to that process designer and coordinator
• Learner-centered approach


  A paradigm shift that requires educators to possess skills in needs assessments as well as the ability to involve learner in planning, link learners to learning resources, and encourage learner initiative
• Self-directed learner


  Take initiative for learning. This includes activities such as selecting, managing, and assessing their own learning activities. Teachers provide advice, direction, and resources to support the student with peers provide collaboration
• Barriers to teaching


  • Lack of time to teach
  • Nurses and other healthcare personnel are traditionally ill prepared to teach
  • Personal characteristics of the nurse educator
  • Low priority assigned to patient and staff education by administration and supervisory personnel
  • Unfavourable environment for teaching-learning process
  • Lack of third-party reimbursement for patient education
  • Nurses and physicians questioning the effectiveness of patient education
  • Inadequate documentation systems

  
• Factors affecting the ability to learn

  • Lack of time to learn due to rapid patient discharge
  • Stress, anxiety, and sensory deficits in patients
  • Low literacy and functional health illiteracy
  • Negative influence of the hospital environment
  • Personal characteristics of the learner
  • Complexity of behavioral changes needed
  • Lack of support and ongoing positive reinforcement
  • Denial of learning needs, resentment of authority, and lack of willingness to take responsibility
  • Inconvenience, complexity, inaccessibility, fragmentation, and dehumanization of the healthcare system

  
• Teaching


  Deliberate interventions that involve sharing of information and experiences to met intended learner outcomes in the cognitive, affective psychomotor domains according to an educational plan

  
• Learning


  Change in behavior (knowledge, skill, and attitudes) that can be observed or measured and that occurs any time or place resulting from exposure to environmental stimuli
• Learning is an action by which knowledge, skills, and attitudes are acquired

  
• Significant others serve to block the potential for learning
• Psychological obstacles to accomplishing behavioral change

  • Denial of learning needs
  • Resentment of authority
  • Lack of willingness to take responsibility (locus of control)
• The inconvenience, complexity, inaccessibility, fragmentation, and dehumanization of the healthcare system often result in frustration and abandonment of efforts by the learner to participate in and comply with the goals and objectives for learning
• Learning


  A change in behavior (knowledge, skill, and attitudes) that can be observed or measured and that occurs any time or place resulting from exposure to environmental stimuli
• Respondent conditioning


  Also termed association learning, classical conditioning, or Pavlovian conditioning. Emphasizes the importance of stimulus conditions and the associations formed in the learning process

  
• Concepts in respondent conditioning

  • Systematic Desensitization
  • Stimulus Generalization
  • Discrimination Learning
  • Spontaneous Recovery

  
• Systematic desensitization


  A technique based on respondent conditioning that is used by psychologists to reduce fear and anxiety in their clients
• Stimulus generalization


  The tendency of initial learning experiences to be easily applied to other similar stimuli

  
• Discrimination learning


  With more and varied experiences, individuals learn to differentiate among similar stimuli
• Spontaneous recovery


  A useful respondent conditioning concept that needs to be given careful consideration in relapse prevention programs. Although a response may appear to be extinguished, it may recover and reappear at any time
• Operant conditioning


  Focuses on the behavior of the organism and the reinforcement that occurs after the response
• Cognitive learning


  Stresses the importance of what goes on inside the learner. The key to learning and changing is the individual's cognition (perception, thought, memory, and ways of processing and structuring information)
• Metacognition


  Understanding of the way the person learns
• Gestalt perspective


  Emphasizes the importance of perception in learning and lays the groundwork for various other cognitive perspectives that followed

  
• Information processing


  A cognitive perspective that emphasizes thinking processes: thought, reasoning, the way information is encountered and stored, and memory functioning