Finals endterm MATSCI

• what are inorganic and nonmetallic materials?

  Ceramic materials
• The term ceramic comes from the Greek word keramikos, which means burnt stuff.
• “traditional ceramics” those for which the primary raw material is clay.
• When did early man discovered clay that consists of mammoth fat and bones mixed with bone ash and local loess?

  26000 BC
• Where was Primitive Glass discovered in 4000BC? that is mostly used in jewelry

  Ancient Egypt
• When and where was Optical glass (lenses and mirrors), window glass and glass blowing production begins?

  50 B.C. - 50 A.D. and Rome
• what is made by firing clay along feldspar and quartz?

  Porcelain
• first ceramic composite created by Chinese in 600 AD?

  Porcelain
• Materials made from LIME and MgO are used for everything?

  REFRACTORY MATERIALS
• materials that can withstand extremely high temp?

  REFRACTORY MATERIALS
• When and who tested many ceramics for resistivity for newly discovered Carbon Microphone?

  Thomas Edison in 1877
• what was founded by Elmer E. Gorton, Samuel Gejisbeek and Colonel Edward Orton Jr. and the goal of this society was to unlock mysteries of high-tech ceramics?

  American Ceramic society in 1899
• with the discovery of laser and observation how light travels through glass what field was born?

  Fiber Optics in 1960
• When was solar energy accessed?

  1965
• what did Scientists discovered with crit temp over 60K?

   superconducting ceramic oxide
• what sense and react to surface conditions like a living organism? and in what year?

  Smart materials in 1992
• The microstructure of ceramics is made up of small crystals called?

  Grains
• the *blank* the grain size, the stronger and denser is the ceramic material?

  smaller
• ceramic materials for which the atomic bonding is predominantly ionic, the crystal structures may be thought of as being composed of electrically charged ions instead of atoms.
• what charge are metallic ions, or cations?

  positively charged
• what charge nonmetallic ions, or anions?

  negatively charged
• two characteristics of the component ions in crystalline ceramic materials influence the crystal structure?

  magnitude of the electrical charge on each of the component ions

  relative sizes of the cations and anions
• In the magnitude of the electrical charge on each of the component ions the crystal must be?

  Electrically neutral (equal ang cation kg anion)
• 4 Crystal Structure of Ceramics?

  • Rock salt structure(AX)
  • Fluorite structure (AX2)
  • Perovskite Structure (ABX3)
  • Spinel Structure (AB2X4)
• True or false. Interatomic bonding in ceramics ranges from purely ionic to totally covalent?

  True
• Crystal structure is determined by?

  • the charge magnitude on each ion and the radius of each type of ion.
• what is the positive and negative charges from the ions?

  Electroneutrality
• type of defect involves a cation–vacancy and a cation–interstitial pair?

  Frenkel defect
• type of defect found in AX materials is a cation vacancy–anion vacancy pair known?

  Schottky defect
• what is one in which the ratio of cations to anions is exactly the same as predicted by the chemical formula?

  stoichiometric ceramic
• what are possible in cases where one of the ions may exist in more than one ionic state?

  Nonstoichiometric materials
• why does the ceramic glass break?

  atoms are tightly bonded and energy has nowhere else to go
• primary ingredients of a typical soda–lime glass are?

  soda (Na2O) and lime (CaO)
• what are initially fabricated as glasses, and then, by heat treatment crystallized to form fine-grained polycrystalline materials?

  Glass Ceramics
• what is the principal component of the whitewares?

  Clay
•  is a process in which metal is heated and then allowed to cool?

  Annealing
• are employed at elevated temperatures and often in reactive environments are termed?

  refractory ceramics
• what type of ceramic are used to cut, grind, and polish other softer materials?

  abrasive ceramics
• what is produced by heating a mixture of clay and lime-bearing minerals in a rotary kiln?

  Portland cement
• The melting point corresponds to the temperature at which the viscosity is 10 Pa(100P); the glass is fluid enough to be considered a liquid.