Geog CA3

• Birth rate


  Number of live births per 1000 people per year
• Death rate


  Number of deaths per 1000 people per year
• High population growth


  Birth rate and effects of immigration are unproportionally exceeding the death rate
• Low birth rate


  Number of live births per 1000 people per year is low
• Low population growth


  A region having a low birth rate and death rate
• describe the characteristics of cities
• Sustainable cities


  Cities that mitigate environmental pollution, hazards, and poor housing
• The challenges faced by people living in cities are increased water and air pollution and competition for water and land resources
• Cities are facing problems such as increased environmental pollution, hazards, and poor housing. Hence, there is a need to mitigate these effects to ensure cities are safe and sustainable
• Strategies used to sustainably build cities

  1. Reduce environmental pollution through enacting laws on air pollution

  2. Manage hazards through land use planning

  3. Construct safe housing
• Such laws help to limit the number of vehicles on the road and thus lower air pollution and lessen traffic congestion
• Land use planning


  Making decisions on how land resources may be used for various purposes such as housing, recreation, and transport
• Such land use plans help to keep people and buildings safe, and thus help build sustainable cities
• Safe housing


  Providing housing that is not densely packed and haphazard, lacks basic services, and are made of flimsy materials such as zinc or canvas sheets
• Constructing safe housing helps build sustainable cities
• Population explosion


  Rapid growth of world population
• Population growth


  Change in population size which can be positive or negative
• No change in population numbers = zero population growth
• Population growth is uneven across the world. some parts of the world have faster rate of population growth than others
• Population growth


  (BR-DR) + effect of migration
• Natural increase/decrease


  (BR-DR)
• Natural increase


  If BR is greater than DR, there is natural increase in the country. if DR is greater than BR, there is natural decrease in the country
• Infant mortality rate


  The number of deaths of children less than one year of age per 1000 live births
• Population density


  Population/area
• Population density levels


  • High: 200-1000+ people/km2
  • Moderate: 10-199 people/km2
  • Low: 0-9 people/km2
• Factors affecting population distribution

  • Climate
  • Relief
  • Soils
  • Resources
  • Technology
• Factors that lead to high birth rate


  Early marriages lead to frequent pregnancies<|>Preference for sons<|>Need for farm labour<|>Protection against old age<|>Lack of family planning
• Factors that lead to declining death rate


  Improvements in medical and healthcare<|>Better hygiene
• Housing


  Structures or buildings developed to shelter people from the elements
• Types of housing


  • Planned (e.g. HDBs)
  • Unplanned (e.g. squatter settlements, slumps)
  • Permanent
  • Temporary (e.g. camping settlements, Mongolian yurts)
• According to the UN, the percentage of the world's population living in cities could rise from 30% in 2007 to 60% in 2030
• Relationship between cities and rural areas

  Connected by movement of people, goods, and services<|>Rural-urban migration<|>Provision of goods and services
• Push factors


  Why migrants leave their place of origin
• Pull factors


  What attracts migrants towards a destination such as the city
• Opportunities for people in cities

  Education and employment<|>Technological innovation
• describe the characteristics of cities

  1. large population size. cities are attractive to migrants and usually have alot of people who migrate thee to work or study due to the educational and employment opportunities they can offer.