cph (comm and noncomm)

• Non-communicable diseases


  Cannot be transmitted from a diseased host to a susceptible one

  
• Communicable diseases


  Caused by pathogenic agents which can be transmitted from an infected host to a non-infected but susceptible host
• 4 Major non-communicable diseases in the Philippines

  • Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
  • Cancer
  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
  • Diabetes Mellitus

  
• Non-communicable diseases

  • Contributing factors: Genetics, Environmental, Behavior

  
• Heart disease is the number 1 killer of Americans
• Cancer is the 2nd cause of death, common cancer sites are breast and prostate
• Stroke is the 3rd leading cause of death, blood supply to brain is interrupted
• COPD is the 4th leading cause of death, Diabetes-type II is the 7th, Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis is the 10th
• Urbanization, globalization, lifestyle changes, and social change are the reasons for the increase in non-communicable diseases
• Prevention


  Taking action to prevent or delay the onset of illness or injury before pathogenesis occur, more desirable than intervention
• Intervention


  Taking action to control a disease in progress
• Control


  Means containment of a disease, can include both prevention and intervention measures
• Eradication


  Uprooting or total elimination of a disease from the human population
• Prioritizing prevention and control efforts should consider leading causes of death, Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL), and economic cost to society
• Health programs on the control of NCDs

  • Increasing the Excise Tax for Alcoholic beverages and Cigarettes
  • Seasonal liquor bans
  • Imposing the health warnings on tobacco/cigarette packets
  • DepEd strictly prohibited the serving of junk food to basic education learners
  • Groceries implemented the use of eco bags and paper bags to lessen consumption of single-use plastics
  • Improved access to essential health care
  • Promotion of physical activity
• Communicable diseases


  Diseases that can be transmitted from an infected host to a non-infected but susceptible host
• Epidemiologic Triad


  Model for communicable diseases

  
• Chain of infection


  Sequence of events required for the transmission of a communicable disease
• Modes of transmission


  Ways in which communicable diseases can be transmitted
• List of communicable diseases

  • COVID-19
  • Ebola
  • Flu
  • Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B
  • HIV/AIDS
  • Measles
  • STDs
  • Tuberculosis
  • Zika

  
• Etiology of common communicable diseases in the Philippines

  • COVID-19 = SARS CoV-2
  • Ebola = Ebola virus
  • Flu = Influenza virus
  • Hepatitis A = Hepatitis A virus
  • Hepatitis B = Hepatitis B virus
  • HIV/AIDS = HIV
  • Measles = Rubeola virus
  • Tuberculosis = Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Zika = Zika virus
  • STDs = Neisseria gonorrheae (gonorrhea), Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Herpes Simplex Virus (herpes), Human Papilloma Virus (Genital warts)
• Diseases targeted for eradication

  • Poliomyelitis / Acute flaccid paralysis
  • Measles
  • Neonatal tetanus
• The Philippine Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (PISDR) is a system for preventing the spread of communicable diseases
• How to prevent the spread of communicable diseases

  Practice Universal Precautions
• Types of prevention for communicable diseases

  • Primary prevention: Pasteurization, Vaccination, Disinfectants
  • Secondary prevention: Isolation, Surveillance, Quarantine, Drug treatment
  • Tertiary prevention: Control for the individual, Convalescence, PT/OT
• Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)


  Diverse group of communicable diseases prevailing in tropical and subtropical areas, mainly affect populations living in poverty without adequate sanitation
• List of Neglected Tropical Diseases

  • Buruli ulcer
  • Chagas disease
  • Cysticercosis
  • Dengue
  • Dracunculiasis
  • Echinococcosis
  • Endemic treponematoses
  • Foodborne trematodiases
  • Trachoma
  • Human African trypanosomiasis
  • Leishmaniasis
  • Leprosy
  • Lymphatic filariasis
  • Onchocerciasis
  • Rabies
  • Schistosomiasis
  • Soil-transmitted helminthiases

  
• Foodborne trematodiases


  A group of parasitic infections caused by trematodes (flatworms or "flukes"), acquired through ingestion of food contaminated with the larval stages of the parasite
• Schistosomiasis


  Caused by Schistosoma japonicum, S. mansoni, S. haematobium, transmitted through cercariae
• Soil-transmitted helminthiases


  Parasitic worm (helminths) infections caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), Ancyclostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (hookworm)
• Lymphatic filariasis


  Endemic in 4 provinces in the Philippines as of 2019
• Leprosy


  Transmitted through air-borne, direct contact, vertical (mother to fetus), and breastfeeding (milk)
• Rabies


  Elimination activities started in 2011, only 5 regions remain with the highest number of cases
• Primary Prevention 


  Adequate supply of healthy foods, Housing, Education opportunities, Efficient community services
• Secondary prevention


  •Mass screenings

  for chronic

  diseases

  •Personal

  screenings
• Tertiary prevention


  •Adequate

  emergency medical

  personnel

  •Adequate services

  •Adequate facilities

  •PT/OT
• ABCDE

  Avoid alcohol, be physically active, cut down on salt and sugar, don't use tobacco products, eat plenty of fruits and vegetables
• Embryonated eggs


  Diagnostic stage of foodborne trematodiases
• Metacercariae


  Infective stage of Foodborne trematodiases
• chain of infection (pattern)

  pathogen, reservoir, portal of exit, transmission, portal of entry, establishment of infection in new host