Criminal Law

• Factual causation -'But for' test 


  R v White
• Legal Causation - D's conduct contributed to it in a more than minimal way


  R v Smith
• Medical negligence - 'extraordinary and unusual' 


  R v Cheshire
• V's own act - must be unusual, unexpected or reasonable 


  R v Roberts
• Thin Skull rule - D must take their victims as they find them 


  R v Blaue
• Direct intent - D desires or aims to bring about the prohibited consequence 


  R v Mohan
• Oblique or indirect intent - The prohibited consequence must be virtual certainty and D realises this


  R v Woollin
• Subjective recklessness - D must realise there is a risk of the prohibited consequence happening and decides to take the risk anyway


  R v Cunningham
• Transferred Malice - Mens Rea transfers from intended target to actual victim


  R v Latimer
• Transferred Malice must be the same type of crime to transfer


  R v Pembilton