HOA

• Six Influences of Architecture

  • Geographical - location
  • Geological - material
  • Historical - background
  • Religion - emotional & spiritual
  • Climatic - weather
  • Social & Political - how people live/governed
• Four Great Construction Principles


  • Columnar and Trabeated - post and lintel
  • Arcuated - arch and vault
  • Corbel or Cantilever
  • Trussed
• Prehistory


  Time period before writing was invented; Stone Age
• History


  Time period after writing was invented
• Latin Terms

  • Paleo - past/old
  • Meso - middle/between
  • Neo - new
  • Lith - stone
  • Mega - large/great
• Cultural Evolution of Man


  • Stone Age
  • Bronze Age - minoan period of the Crete greek period; most advanced metalworking with copper
  • Iron Age - 25 to 50 yrs before Julius Caesar; tools/weapons made of iron or steel
• Stone Age

  • Paleolithic - old stone age; rough tools/weapons; made fire; lived in caves
  • Mesolithic - middle stone age; fashioned stone tools(bow); body covering; built huts
  • Neolithic - new stone age; polished stone tools; pottery; agriculture/domestic animals
  • Catal Huyuk - largest & most well preserved neolithic village
• Types of Dwellings

  • Rock caves - earliest form of human settlements; readily available; strong and permanent
  • Tents - made from tree barks, animal skins and plant leaves
• Primitive Dwellings

  • Rock caves - earliest form of human settlements; readily available; strong and permanent
  • Beehive hut/Trullo - dry walled rough stone shelter with corbelled roof
  • Wignam/Tepee - conical tent with wooden poles as framework
  • Hogan - primitive indian structure of joined logs
  • Igloo - innuit (Eskimo) house constructed hard packed snow blocks built up spirally
  • Nigerian hut - mud walls and roof of palm leaves
  • Yurts - portable, circular dwelling made of a lattice of flexible poles and covered in felt
• Religious/Monumental/Burial

  • Monolith
  • Menhir - tall upright stone of a kind
  • Megalith - large stone used to construct a structure either alone or together with other stones
  • Dolmen - 2 or more upright stones supporting a horizontal slab
  • Cromlech - 3 or more upright stones capped by an unchain flat stone
  • Stone circle - circle of upright megaliths usually enclosing a mound or dolmen
  • Stonehenge - composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones; one of the most famous sites in the world
  • Stone Row - a linear arrangement of upright parallel megalithic standing stones
  • Barrow / Tumulus - passage grave; dominant tomb type
• Cleopatra

  Queen of the Nile
• Mastaba


  Rectangular superstructure of ancient Egyptian tombs
• Parts of Mastaba

  • Serdab - enclosed room containing the statue of the deceased
  • Sarcophagus - chamber containing the coffin
  • Stele - in the offering chapel
• Mastaba, Faraoun


  A broad pit below ground covered with a rectangular flat mound with sides sloping at 75degrees; has a shaft descending to the tomb chamber
• Step Pyramid of Djozer


  World's first large scale monument in stone with no freestanding columns
• Bent Pyramid of Sneferu


  Unique example of early pyramid development; lower part rises at a 55 degree inclination and the top is shallower with 43 degrees
• Imhotep


  First recorded architect in history
• Pyramid


  Structure whose outer surfaces are triangular and converge to a single step at the top; lays the pharaoh's burial chamber
• Rock Cut Tombs

  Burial chamber that is cut into an existing, naturally occurring rock formation
• Temple

  • Mortuary temple - used for the ministration of deified pharaohs
  • Cult temple - for the worship of the ancient & mysterious gods
• Pyramids of Giza

  • Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu) - oldest and largest, built by pharaoh Khufu, 481 ft (147m)
  • Pyramid of Chefren (Khafre) - slightly smaller than great pyramid of Cheops, guarded by the Sphinx, built by pharaoh Khafre, 471 ft (144m)
  • Pyramid of Mykerinos (Menkaure) - Smallest pyramid of Giza, built by pharaoh Menkaure, 213 ft (65m)
• Parts of Pyramid

  • Offering chapel
  • Mortuary temple (worship of dead)
  • Causeway
  • Valley building (interment & embalmment)
• Valley of the Kings


  Example of a corridor tomb; royal necropolis of ancient Egypt
• Tutankamun's Tomb


  One of the smaller tombs in the Valley of the Kings
• Egyptian Temple Parts

  • Pylon - monumental gateway
  • Great court - surrounded by columns
  • Hypostyle hall - forest of columns
  • Sanctuary - holiest part; accessible only to the kings and high priests
  • Enclosure hall
  • Colossal statues of the pharaoh
  • Obelisk - tall 4-sided narrow tapering column
  • Avenue of sphinxes
• Temple of Isis, Philae


  Dedicated to goddess Isis; temple walls are designed with inward inclinations called batter walls; the last pagan temple to exist in the Mediterranean
• Great Temple of Amun, Karnak


  Grandest of all Egyptian temples; most important sanctuary of the cult who worshipped the sun god Amun-Ra
• Temple of Luxor


  Dedicated to the Theban Triad
• Great Temple of Abu Simbel


  A rock hewn temple with 4 rock-cut colossal statues
• Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut


  Dedicated to sun god Amun-Ra
• Senemut


  Claims to be the chief architect of Hatshepsut's works
• Mortuary Temple of Mentuhetep II


  Pyramid is a cenotaph with a dummy burial chamber below it
• Temple of Khons, Karnak


  A cult temple mostly done by Rameses II
• Temple of Horus, Edfu


  Built from sandstone blocks; most completely preserved of all temple remains
• Mammisi Temple


  Often referred to as a birth house of the gods
• Phases of Ancient Greek

  • Aegean Period: 1100 BC
  • Mycenaean Period: 1400 to 1100 BC
  • Hellenic Period: 800 to 323 BC
  • Hellenistic Period: 323 to 30 BC
• Aegean Period


  Structures were rough and massive; use of corbelled arch
• Megaron


  Single storey dwelling with a central room and porticoed entrance; domestic unit
• The Palace of King Minos, Knossos

  Kings Megaron Hall - rooms were functionally organized around a large central court
• Palace of Tiryns


  Lion Gate, Mycenae